大学英语四级考试阅读Matching题练习1精编版.docx

大学英语四级考试阅读Matching题练习1精编版.docx

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大学英语四级考试阅读Matching题练习1精编版

大学英语四级考试阅读Matching题练习1

ReadingPassage1

AUSTRALIA'SSPORTINGSUCCESS

ATheyplayhard,theyplayoften,andtheyplaytowin.Australiansportsteamswinmorethantheirfairshareoftitles,demolishingrivalswithseemingease.Howdotheydoit?

Abigpartofthesecretisanextensiveandexpensivenetworkofsportingacademiesunderpinnedbyscienceandmedicine.AttheAustralianInstituteofSport（AIS）,hundredsofyoungstersandprosliveandtrainundertheeyesofcoaches.Anotherbody,theAustralianSportsCommission（ASC）,financesprogrammesofexcellenceinatotalof96sportsforthousandsofsportsmenandwomen.Bothprovideintensivecoaching,trainingfacilitiesandnutritionaladvice.

BInsidetheacademies,sciencetakescentrestage.TheAISemploysmorethan100sportsscientistsanddoctors,andcollaborateswithscoresofothersinuniversitiesandresearchcentres.AISscientistsworkacrossanumberofsports,applyingskillslearnedinone-suchasbuildingmusclestrengthingolfers-toothers,suchasswimmingandsquash.Theyarebackedupbytechnicianswhodesigninstrumentstocollectdatafromathletes.Theyallfocusononeaim:

winning.‘Wecan'twasteourtimelookingatetherealscientificquestionsthatdon'thelpthecoachworkwithanathleteandimproveperformance,'saysPeterFricker,chiefofscienceatAIS.

CAlotoftheirworkcomesdowntomeasurement-everythingfromtheexactangleofaswimmer’sdivetothesecond-by-secondpoweroutputofacyclist.Thisdataisusedtowringimprovementsoutofathletes.Thefocusisonindividuals,tweakingperformancestosqueezeanextrahundredthofasecondhere,anextramillimetrethere.Nogainistooslighttobotherwith.It’sthetiny,gradualimprovementsthatadduptoworld-beatingresults.Todemonstratehowthesystemworks,BruceMasonatAISshowsofftheprototypeofa3Danalysistoolforstudyingswimmers.Awire-framemodelofachampionswimmerslicesthroughthewater,herarmsmovinginslowmotion.Lookingside-on,Masonmeasuresthedistancebetweenstrokes.Fromabove,heanalyseshowherspineswivels.Whenfullydeveloped,thissystemwillenablehimtobuildabiomechanicalprofileforcoachestousetohelpbuddingswimmers.Mason'scontributiontosportalsoincludesthedevelopmentoftheSWAN（SWimmingANalysis）systemnowusedinAustraliannationalcompetitions.Itcollectsimagesfromdigitalcamerasrunningat50framesasecondandbreaksdowneachpartofaswimmer'sperformanceintofactorsthatcanbeanalysedindividually-strokelength,strokefrequency,averagedurationofeachstroke,velocity,start,lapandfinishtimes,andsoon.Attheendofeachrace,SWANspitsoutdataoneachswimmer

D‘Takealook,'saysMason,pullingoutasheetofdata.Hepointsoutthedataontheswimmersinsecondandthirdplace,whichshowsthattheonewhofinishedthirdactuallyswamfaster.Sowhydidhefinish35hundredthsofaseconddown?

‘Histurntimeswere44hundredthsofasecondbehindtheotherguy,'saysMason.‘Ifhecanimproveonhisturns,hecandomuchbetter’ThisisthekindofaccuracythatAISscientists'researchisbringingtoarangeofsports.

WiththeCooperativeResearchCentreforMicroTechnologyinMelbourne,theyaredevelopingunobtrusivesensorsthatwillbeembeddedinanathlete'sclothesorrunningshoestomonitorheartrate,sweating,heatproductionoranyotherfactorthatmighthaveanimpactonanathlete'sabilitytorun.There'smoretoitthansimplymeasuringperformance.Frickergivestheexampleofathleteswhomaybedownwithcoughsandcolds11or12timesayear.Afteryearsofexperimentation,AlSandtheUniversityofNewcastleinNewSouthWalesdevelopedatestthatmeasureshowmuchoftheimmune-systemproteinimmunoglobulinAispresentinathletes'saliva.IfIgAlevelssuddenlyfallbelowacertainlevel,trainingiseasedordroppedaltogether.Soon,IgAlevelsstartrisingagain,andthedangerpasses.Sincethetestswereintroduced,AISathletesinallsportshavebeenremarkablysuccessfulatstayinghealthy.

EUsingdataisacomplexbusiness.Wellbeforeachampionship,sportsscientistsandcoachesstarttopreparetheathletebydevelopinga‘competitionmodel',basedonwhattheyexpectwillbethewinningtimes.‘Youdesignthemodeltomakethattime,'saysMason.‘Astartofthismuch,eachfree-swimmingperiodhastobethisfast,withacertainstrokefrequencyandstrokelength,withturnsdoneinthesetimes.'Allthetrainingisthengearedtowardsmakingtheathletehitthosetargets,bothoverallandforeachsegmentoftherace.TechniqueslikethesehavetransformedAustraliaintoarguablytheworld'smostsuccessfulsportingnation.

FOfcourse,there'snothingtostopothercountriescopying-andmanyhavetried.Someyearsago,theAISunveiledcoolant-linedjacketsforenduranceathletes.AttheAtlantaOlympicGamesin1996,theseslicedasmuchastwopercentoffcyclists'androwers'times.Noweveryoneusesthem.Thesamehashappenedtothe‘altitudetent',developedbyAIStoreplicatetheeffectofaltitudetrainingatsealevel.ButAustralia'ssuccessstoryisaboutmorethaneasilycopiedtechnologicalfixes,anduptonownonationhasreplicateditsall-encompassingsystem.

Questions1-7

ReadingPassage1hassixparagraphs,A-F.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

1areferencetotheexchangeofexpertisebetweendifferentsports

2anexplanationofhowvisualimagingisemployedininvestigations

3areasonfornarrowingthescopeofresearchactivity

4howsomeAISideashavebeenreproduced

5howobstaclestooptimumachievementcanbeinvestigated

6anoverviewofthefundedsupportofathletes

7howperformancerequirementsarecalculatedbeforeanevent

ReadingPassage2

Whysomewomencrossthefinishlineaheadofmen?

AWomenwhoapplyforjobsinmiddleorseniormanagementhaveahighersuccessratethanmen,accordingtoanemploymentsurvey.Butofcoursefarfewerofthemapplyforthesepositions.Thestudy,byrecruitment（征召新成员）consultantsNBSelection,showsthatwhileoneinsixmenwhoappearoninterviewshortlistgetjobs,thefigurerisestooneinfourforwomen.

BThestudyconcentratedonapplicationformanagementpositionsinthe$45,000to$110,000salaryrangeandfoundthatwomenaremoresuccessfulthanmeninboththeprivateandpublicsectors.DrElisaebethMarxfromLondon-basedNBSelectiondescribethefindingsasencouragingforwomen,inthattheysendapositivemessagetothemtoapplyforinterestingmanagementpositions.Butsheadded,“Weshouldnotlosesightofthefactthatsignificantlyfewerwomenapplyforseniorpositionincomparisonwithmen.”

CReasonsforhighersuccessratesamongwomenaredifficulttoisolate.Oneexplanationsuggestedisthatifawomancandidatemanagestogetonashortlist,thenshehasprobablyalreadyprovedherselftobeanexceptionalcandidate.Dr.Marxsaidthatwhenwomenapplyforpositionstheytendtobebetterqualifiedthantheirmalecounterpartsbutaremoreselectiveandconservativeintheirjobsearch.Womentendtoresearchthoroughlybeforeapplyingforpositionsorattendinginterviews.Men,ontheotherhand,seemtorelyontheirabilitytosellthemselvesandtoconvinceemployersthatanyshortcomingstheyhavewillnotpreventthemfromdoingagoodjob.

DManagerialandexecutiveprogressmadebywomenisconfirmedbytheannualsurveyofboardsofdirectorscarriedoutbyKornInternational.Thisyearthesurveyshowsadoublingofthenumberofwomenservingasnon-executivedirectorscomparedwiththepreviousyear.However,progressremainspainfullyslowandtherewerestillonly18postsfilledbywomenoutofatotalof354non-executivepositionssurveyed.

EInEuropearecentfeatureofcorporatelifeintherecessionhasbeenthede-layeringofmanagementstructures.HilarySearssaidthatthishashaltedprogressforwomeninasmuchasde-layeringhastakenplaceeitherwherewomenareworkingorinlayerstheyaspireto.Searsalsonotedapositivetrendfromtherecession,whichhasbeenthegrowingnumberofwomenwhohavestartedupontheirown.

FInbusinessasawhole,thereareanumberoffactorsencouragingtheprospectofgreaterequalityintheworkforce.Demographictrendssuggestthatthenumberofwomengoingintoemploymentissteadilyincreasing.Inadditionafargreaternumberofwomenarenowpassingthroughhighereducation,makingthembetterqualifiedtomoveintomanagementpositions.OrganizationssuchastheEuropeanWomen'sManagementDevelopmentNetworkprovidearangeofopportunitiesforwomentoenhancetheirskillsandcontacts.

GHowever,ArianeAntal,directoroftheInternationalInstituteforOrganizationChangeforArchampsinFrance,saidthatthereisonlyanecdotalevidenceofchangesinrecruitmentpatterns.Andshesaid:

"It'sstillsohardforwomentoevengetontoshortlists-therearesomanyhurdlesandbarriers."Sheagreedthattherehavebeensomepositivesignsbutsaid:

"Untilthereisabeliefamongemployers,untiltheyvaluethedifference,nothingwillchange."

Questions14-19

ReadingPassage2has7paragraphs,A-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

14.Thedrawbacksofcurrentcompanyrestructuringpatterns.

15.Associationsthatprovidesupportforprofessionalwomen.

16.Thesuccessrateoffemalejobapplicantsformanagementpositions.

17.Maleandfemaleapproachestojobapplications.

18.Reasonswhysomewomenarebein