学术英语写作讲义.docx

学术英语写作讲义.docx

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学术英语写作讲义

Lecture1

1.1Featuresonthelexicallevel（词汇层面）

（1）Theanalysisdidn’tyieldanynewresults.（Informal）

Theanalysisyieldednoresults.（Formal）

（2）Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinrobots,CDplayers,etc.（Informal）

Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinrobots,andCDplayers.（Formal）

1.1.2Nominalization（名词化）

（1）[EverydayEnglish]

Ifapotentialisappliedtogasatlowpressure,ionizationofthemoleculeswillresult.

[AcademicEnglish]

Theapplicationofapotentialtogasatlowpressurewillresultinionizationofthemolecules.

（2）[EverydayEnglish]

Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonhowmoderntheequipmentis.

[AcademicEnglish]

Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonthemodernizationoftheequipment.

1.1.3Hedging（模糊语）

（1）OntheevidenceofthefindingspresentedinFigure1,itwouldappearthatstudentsinHongKonggenerallyhavelittleneedtospeakinEnglishoutsidetheclassroom.

（2）Weismannsuggestedthatanimalsbecomeoldbecause,iftheydidnot,therecouldbenosuccessivereplacementofindividualsandhencenoevolution.

1.1.4Useofsingleverbs（使用单一动词）

（1）ThematerialamenitiesoflifehavegoneupinWesternsociety.（increased）

（2）AprimaryeducationsystemwassetupthroughoutIrelandasearlyas1831.（establish）

其他如lookinto（investigate）;getridof（eliminate）

1.2.1大量使用被动语态

（1）Anycontainercanbefilledbytheseastheydiffuseandspreadouttofillthem.Theatomsormoleculesofgasesmoveveryrapidlyandarewidelyspaced..

（2）Usingasimplifiedinput-output（I-O）framework,theaggregateeconomicoutputofthenon-energysector（Yt）canbeformulatedasthesumofvalue-addedinthenon-energysector（Vane,t）andinter-industrypaymentsforenergyandtransportservices.

1.2.2客观语言

（1）Ichosethismethodbecauseitislesscomplex.（personal）

Thismethodischosenbecauseitislesscomplex.

（2）Theconclusionsareappallingandaccount,toalargeextent,fortheterriblemorbidityandmortalitystatisticsofthiscommunity.

Text1

Inthispaperwearepresentingouranalysisofourassignmentonteamworkdevelopment.Thegroupweselectedforthisassignment（thesurveyteam）isagroupofpeoplewhoworkforAdvanceTours.WeusedtwoquestionnairesdevelopedbyCacioppe（1998）totrytomeasuretheperformanceoftheteamandthewaytheteammembersfeltaboutit.Wethentriedtopresentananalysisofthefindingsandmadeafewrecommendationsaboutwhattheteamcandotoimprovethewaytheywork.

客观语言，句子改写

Text2

Thispaperpresentsthefindingsofananalysisofteamworkdevelopment.Thegroupselectedforthisassignment（thesurveyteam）isasmallteamoffourpeopleworkinginasmalldepartmentofAdvanceTours.Theperformanceoftheteamandtheteammembers’attitudestotheirteamweremeasuredusingtwoquestionnairesdevelopedbyCacioppe（1998）.Ananalysisofthefindingsisthenpresentedandrecommendationsaremadeastowhatmeasurescanbeemployedtoimprovetheoverallteamworkandperformanceoftheteam.

Lecture2

Beingbriefandconcise

e.g.（1a）PreliminaryobservationsontheeffectofZnelementonanticorrosion（防腐蚀）ofzincplatinglayer（镀锌层）（wordy）

（1b）EffectofZnonanticorrosionofzincplatinglayer（concise）

e.g.《中国近代纸币史》中几个学术问题的探讨

（2a）Discussion on Several Academic problems in the Book The Modern History of Chinese Paper Money （wordy）

（2b）Several Questions in Modern History of Chinese Banknotes （concise）

2.3Keywords

（1）Functionsofkeywords

Keywordsofaresearchpaperarethemostfrequentlyusedwordsandthemostimportantwordsandphrasesofthepaper.Theyarerepresentativeofthethemeofthepaper.Asitmainlyfunctionsforeasinessofretrieval,“keywords”isalsovariouslycalled“indexingterms”（索引词）,“keywordsindex”,“keywordsandphrases”.

（2）Formandnumberofkeywords

◇Keywordsofresearchpaperappearintheformofnouns,notverbs,Forexample,“investigation”isusedinsteadof“investigate”.

◇Ingeneral,thenumberofkeywordsrangesfrom2to8.Thenormallimitednumberofkeywordsisfourtosixinonepaper

◇Asusual,keywordsarechosenfromthe“title”and/or“abstract”,wherethekeytermsofwordsandphrasesareusuallycontained

（3）Locationofkeywords

Thoughkeywordscanbeeitheraboveorbelowtheabstractofapaper,theyareyet,inmostcases,placedbelowtheabstract.Theyareinlowercaseexceptabbreviations.

（4）Methodsofspacingkeywords

Therearethreemethodsofspacingkeywords:

usingcomma,

semicolon;

largerpartition

Fullstopcouldnotbeusedtospacekeywords.

如：

（1）“softwarecomponent,（;）UML,（;）rationaldatabase”.

2.4CommonscientificfoundationelementsinAcknowledgements.

1.国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目（863计划）（No.）

NationalHighTechnologyResearchandDevelopmentProgramofChina（863Program）（No.）

2．国家自然科学基金（面上项目：

重点项目：

重大项目：

）No.

NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina（GeneralProgram;KeyProgram;MajorProgram）

3.国家教育部博士点基金资助项目（No.）

Ph.DProgramsFoundationofMinistryofEducationofChina.

4国家重点基础研究发展规划项目（973计划）（No.）

TheMajorStateBasicResearchDevelopmentProgramofChina（973program）

5.国家“十一五”攻关项目

NationalKeyTechnologiesR&DProgramofChinaduringthe11thFiveYearPlanPeriod（No.）

Lecture3

DescriptiveAbstract

（1）Thispaperpresentsananalysisoftheprinciplesofmagneticrefrigerationwithapplicationtoair-conditioning.Acomparisonwithconventionalevaporation-condensationgascycledeviceispresented.Conclusionsconcerningtheapplicabilityofmagneticrefrigerationtoairconditioningaremade.

（2）ThepurposeofthisprojectistomeasureenvironmentalequityinSalem,Oregon,withanaimtocontributetoagrowingbodyofliteratureconcernedwiththeunequaldistributionofenvironmentalhazards.TheprojectanalyzesimportantpreviousstudiesandthenconductsaninvestigationthatcentersaroundaseriesofGIS（GeographicInformationSystem）mapsthatrevealcorrelationsbetweenenvironmentalhazardsanddemographics（统计学）,suchasraceandincomelevel.Theresultswillberevealedanddiscussed.

（3）ThePostmodernAppealofcomplementaryandAlternativemedicines（CAM）toAustralianConsumers:

AReviewoftheLiterature

Theincreasingpopularityofcomplementaryandalternativemedicines（CAM）amongsthealthconsumersandorthodoxserviceprovidersinAustraliaiswelldocumented.However,understandingsaboutthereasonsforincreasingconsumeruseofCAMinAustraliaandelsewherearepoorlydevelopedandinvitefurtherresearch.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofasystematicliteraturereviewonreasonsforCAMusebytheAustralianpopulation.Therearefourmainthemes:

1）criticismofconventionalmedicine,2）attractiontotheholisticmodel（整体模型）ofhealth,3）treatmentoptionsforchronicandterminalillness,and4）lifestylefactorswhichareidentifiedandexploredthroughsocialchangetheory,namely,globalizationandpost-modernization

（4）MechanismofAngiogenesis（血管生成）andArteriogenesis（动脉生成）

Endothelial（内皮细胞）andsmoothmusiccellsinteractwitheachothertoformnewbloodvessels.Inthisreview,thecellularandmolecularmechanisms（细胞分子机制）underlyingtheformationofendothelium-linedchannels（angiogenesis）andtheirmaturationviarecruitmentofsmoothmusclecells（arteriogenesis）duringphysiologicalandpathological（病理学的）conditionsaresummarized,alongsidewithpossibletherapeuticapplications.

InformativeAbstract

Themajorcomponentsofaninformativeabstract:

（1）Purpose

Thepurposeofthestudyintroducesthereason,theorigin,theimportanceandsignificanceofthestudyinquestion,includingthepremise,purposeandtasksandscopeoftheresearch.Thepurposesectionofaninformativeabstractmightalsocontainthehypothesisoftheexperiment.

（2）Methodology

Researchmethodspresentthemethodsortechniquesoftheresearch,includingthemodel,theory,conditions,objects,samplingmethod,samplesize，materials,technology,means,equipment,procedures（studydesign（e.g.,survey）,datacollectionandanalysis.

（3）Result

Resultsreporttheresultsofthestudy,includingdata,identifiedrelationship,observationresults,effectivenessandperformanceachieved.

（4）Conclusions

Conclusionscommentonthemaincontributionorvalueoftheresearchpaper.Itincludesananalysis,comparison,evaluationoftheresearchresults（e.g.interprettheresultsassupportingornotsupportingthetheoryorhypotheses）,newissuesraised,furtherstudiesofthefuture,assumptions,inspirations,recommendationsandforecasts.

当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要）:

信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。

它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。

信息性摘要要向读者介绍研究的实际方法和结果，通常应提供尽可能多的定量或定性信息，能定量表述的一定要全部定量化，仅定性描述是不够的，要充分反映论文的创新之处。

信息性摘要可以看作是指示性摘要的扩展。

Informativeabstract

（1）Thelong-termperformanceofvarioussystemswasdeterminedandtheeconomicaspectsofsolarhotwaterproductionwereinvestigatedinthiswork.Theeffectofthecollector（集热气）inclinationangle,collectorareaandstoragevolumewasexaminedforallsystems,andvariousclimaticconditionsandtheirpaybackperiodwascalculated.Itwasfoundthatthecollectorinclinationangledoesnothaveasignificanteffectonsystemperformance.Largecollectorareashaveadiminishingeffectonthesystem’soverallefficiency.Theincreaseinstoragevolumehasadetrimentaleffectforsmalldailyloadvolumes,butabeneficialonewhenthereisalargedailyconsumption.Solarenergywasfoundtobetrulycompetitivewhentheconventionalfuelbeingsubstitutediselectricity,anditshouldnotreplacediesel（柴油）oilonpureeconomicgrounds.Largedailyloadvolumesandlargecollectorareasareingeneralassociatedwithshorterpaybackperiods.Overall,thesystemsareoversizedandareeconomical