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InastudypublishedOct.31inScience,YaleresearcherNoahPlanavskyandhiscolleaguesfoundthatoxygenlevelsduringthe“boringbillion”periodwereonly0.1%ofwhattheyaretoday.Inotherwords,Earth’satmospherecouldn’thavesupportedadiversityofcreatures,nomatterwhatgeneticadvancementswerepoisedtooccur.
“Thereisnoquestionthatgeneticandecologicalinnovationmustultimatelybebehindtheriseofanimals,butitisequallyunavoidablethatanimalsneedacertainlevelofoxygen,”saidPlanavsky,co-leadauthoroftheresearchalongwithChristopherReinhardoftheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.“We’reprovidingthefirstevidencethatoxygenlevelswerelowenoughduringthisperiodtopotentiallypreventtheriseofanimals.”
Thescientistsfoundtheirevidencebyanalyzingchromium(Cr)isotopesinancientsedimentsfromChina,Australia,Canada,andtheUnitedStates.ChromiumisfoundintheEarth’scontinentalcrust,andchromiumoxidationisdirectlylinkedtothepresenceoffreeoxygenintheatmosphere.
Specifically,theteamstudiedsamplesdepositedinshallow,iron-richoceanareas,neartheshore.Theycomparedtheirdatawithothersamplestakenfromyoungerlocalesknowntohavehigherlevelsofoxygen.
Oxygen’sroleincontrollingthefirstappearanceofanimalshaslongvexedscientists.“Weweremissingtherightapproachuntilnow,”Planavskysaid.“Chromiumgaveustheproxy.”Previousestimatesputtheoxygenlevelat40%oftoday’sconditionsduringpre-animaltimes,leavingopenthepossibilitythatoxygenwasalreadyplentifulenoughtosupportanimallife.
Inthenewstudy,theresearchersacknowledgedthatoxygenlevelswere“highlydynamic”intheearlyatmosphere,withthepotentialforoccasionalspikes.However,theysaid,“Itseemsclearthatthereisafirst-orderdifferenceinthenatureofEarthsurfaceCrcycling”beforeandaftertheriseofanimals.
“Ifweareright,ourresultswillreallychangehowpeopleviewtheoriginsofanimalsandothercomplexlife,andtheirrelationshipstotheco-evolvingenvironment,”saidco-authorTimLyonsoftheUniversityofCalifornia-Riverside.“Thiscouldbeagamechanger.”
FundingsourcesfortheresearchincludedtheNASAExobiologyProgramandtheNationalScienceFoundation’sEarth-LifeTransitionsprogram,awardedtoPlanavsky,Reinhard,andLyons.
TheothermembersoftheresearchteamincludedXiangliWang,apostdoctoralfellowatYale;
ThomasJohnson,oftheUniversityofIllinois;
DanielleThomson,ofCarletonUniversity;
PeterMcGoldrick,oftheUniversityofTasmania;
andWoodwardFischer,oftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.
16.ThestudydiscoveredtheriseofanimalsoccurredearlierthantheProterozoicperiod.
A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned
17.Manyresearchersbelievetheoxygenlevelwashighduringpre-animaltimes.
A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned
18.Theteamwasfundedbyseveralresearchinstitutes.
19.Geneticadvancementstriggeredtheriseofanimals.
20.Thesamplesstudiedintheresearchwerecollectedinoceanareas.
21.ThestudyrevealedthatchromiumfoundinEarth’scontinentalcrustremainedstablebeforeandaftertheriseofanimals.
22.TimLyonslikedtoplaycomputergamesinhissparetime.
第3部分概括大意与完成句子
FirstImage-recognitionSoftware
1.Dartmouthresearchersandtheircolleagueshavecreatedanartificial1,softwarethatusesphotostolocatedocumentsontheInternetwithfargrejthaneverbefore.
2.Thenewsystem,whichwastestedonphotosandisnowbeingappliedto,Ishowsforthefirsttimethatamachinelearningalgorithm(运算法则)or,ma9eIrecognitionandretrievalisaccurateandefficientenoughtoimprovelargeseaie,documentsearchesonline.Thesystemusespixel(像素)datainimagesandpotentiayvideo—ratherthanjusttext—tolocatedocuments.Itlearnstorecognizethepixelsassociatedwithasearchphrasebystudyingtheresultsfromtext-basedimagesearchengines.Theknowledgegleaned(收集)fromthoseresultscanthenbeappliedtootherphotoswithouttagsorcaptionsmakingformoreaccuratedocumentsearchresults.
3.”Overthelast30years,”saysAssociateProfessorLorenzoTorresani,aco-authorofthestudy,“theWebhasevolvedfromasmallcollectionofmostlytextdocumentstoamodern,massive,fast-growingmultimediadataset,wherenearlyeverypageincludesmultiplepicturesorvideos.WhenapersonlooksataWebpage,heimmediatelygetsthegist(主旨)ofitbylookingatthepicturesinit.Yet,surprisingly,allexistingpopularsearchengines,suchasGoogleorBing,stripawaytheinformationcontainedinthephotosanduseexclusivelythetextofWebpagestoperformthedocumentretrieval.Ourstudyisthefirsttoshowthatmodernmachinevisionsystemsareaccurateandefficientenoughtomakeeffectiveuseoftheinformationcontainedinimagepixelstoimprovedocumentsearch.”
4.Theresearchersdesignedandtestedamachinevisionsystem—atypeofartificialintelligencethatallowscomputerstolearnwithoutbeingexplicitlyprogrammed—thatextractssemantic(语义的)informationfromthepixelsofphotosinWebpages.ThisinformationisusedtoenrichthedescriptionoftheHTMLpageusedbysearchenginesfordocumentretrieval.Theresearcherstestedtheirapproachusingmorethan600searchqueries(查询)onadatabaseof50millionWebpages.Theyselectedthetext-rethevalsearchenginewiththebestperformanceandmodifiedittomakeuseoftheadditionalsemanticinformationextractedbytheirmethodfromthepicturesoftheWebpages.Theyfoundthatthisproduceda30percentimprovementinprecisionovertheoriginalsearchenginepurelybasedontext.
23.Paragraph1__B__
24.Paragraph2__C__
25.Paragraph3__E__
26.Paragraph4__D__
A.Popularityofthenewsystem
B.Publicationofthenewdiscovery
C.Functionofthenewsystem
D.Artificialintelligencesoftwarecreated
E.Problemsoftheexistingsearchengines
F.Improvementindocumentretrieval
27.Thenewsystemdoesdocumentretrievalby__C__.
28.Thenewsystemisexpectedtoimproveprecisionin__B__.
29.Whenperformingdocumentretrievaltheexistingsearchenginesignore__A__
30.Thenewsystemwasfoundmoreeffectiveindocumentsearchthanthe__E__
A.informationinimages
B.currentpopularsearchengines
C.usingphotos
D.machinevisionsystems
E.documentsearch
F.descriptionoftheHTMLpage
第4部分阅读理解
BetterSolarEnergySystems:
MoreHeat,MoreLight
Solarphotovoltaicthermalenergysystems,orPVTs,generatebothheatandelectricity,butuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystallinesiliconsolarcells,whichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat.
That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:
photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroof,leavinglittleroomforthermalapplications.
Inapairofstudies,JoshuaPearce,anassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineering,hasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversity,Canada.
Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesilicon,butyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphoussilicon,commonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricity,buttheyarelighter,flexible,andcheaper.And,becausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicon,theyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunately,thin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect.
“Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcell,”Pearceexplains,whichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket.
However,PearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.Infact,Pearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperatures,neartheboilingpointofwater,theycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollector,theyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceaday,theyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent.
31.PVTsarenotefficientin
A.creatingelectricity.
B.coolingsiliconsolarcells.
C.generatingheat.
D.poweringsolarthermalcollectors.
32.OneoftheproblemsPVTshaveisthat
A.theirthermalapplicationsarecostly.
B.theyaretooexpensivetoafford.
C.itishardtofixthemontheroof.
D.theyoccupytoomuchspace.
33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanadvantage