国际商法期末复习重点英文版完整版Word下载.docx

国际商法期末复习重点英文版完整版Word下载.docx

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1.Romanlaw2・Madelaw3・Codeandstatute

definitionofpartnership

DefinedasaProfit-makingeconomicorganizationwhichisEstablishedofa

partnershipagreement,MakeaJointcapitalcontributions,conductbusiness

jointly,Shareincomesandrisksandbearunlimitedjointandseveral

liabilitiesfordebtsofthepartnershipenterprise・

特点：

Profit-makingeconomicorganization;

Establishmentofapartnershipagreement;

Jointcapitalcontribution;

Sharingofincomesandrisks;

Bearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebts

Creationofapartnership:

①anassociationoftwoofmorepersons②carryingon

business③co-ownership④forprofit®

intent（UW）©

partnershipbyestoppel

Limitedlidb订itypartnership有限责任合伙的责任承担:

Inalimitedliabilitypartnership,somepartnershavelimitedliability,somepartnershaveunlimitedliability.

Generalpartnership普通合伙的责任承担:

Bearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebts・

出资方式：

Capitalcontribution:

incash;

tangiblegoods;

landorlanduserights;

intellectualproperty;

orotherproprietaryrights;

orintheformoflaborserviceifitisagreedbyallofthepartners:

partners'

rightsandduties：

①Apartnerhastherightofcompensation（补偿）fromthepartnership（Theamountofcompensationisdecidedbyhowthepartnersagreedinthepartnershipagreement）②Apartnerhastherightofsharingprofitfromthepartnership®

Partnersoweadutytodevotefulltimeandbesteffortstotheaffairsofthepartnership;

©

Self-interestisprohibited;

Secretprofitsindealingwiththepartnershipisprohibited;

Partnersowesadutytodiscloseallinformationandfactsfromathirdpartytootherpartners;

Concealmentofinfornidtionandfactsisprohibited;

Thatpartnersworkhandinglovewith（incollusionwith）othersforselfishpurposeisprohibited;

Partnershaveadutytoaccountforanyexpenditurestheymakeofthepartnershipfundspartnershavethedutytobejoinedasplaintiffsordefendantsinlegalsuits

合伙企业的管理：

co-management

Dissolutionofthepartnershipmeansthattheeconomicorganizationceasestobeassociatedasanentitytocarryonabusiness;

1.Non-wrongfuldissolution

2.Wrongfuldissolution

3.Thedeathorbankruptcyofanypartnerautomaticdllydissolvesthepartnership;

4.Acourtorderordecreedissolvesapartnership;

Windingup：

liquidationoftheassetsofthebusinessofthepartnershipafterdissolutionhappens;

Continuationofthepartnershipbytheremainingpartners:

Completionofworkbythepartnershipbeforedissolution;

Sharingofprofits,bearingofdebts,returningofassets:

Definitionofcorporation：

Acorporationisaformofaneconomicorganizationinwhichtheshareholdersmakeinvestment,electmanagementandtakelimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthecorporation.

特征：

1・Independentlegalstatus;

2.Creationmustbepermittedbygovernment;

3.Managementisaccomplishedthroughtheelectionoftheshareholders;

4.Theshareholderstakelimitedliability;

5.Theownershipinterestofthecorporationisfreelytransferable;

6.Doubletaxation;

legalstatus：

Acorporationisalegalpersonandalegalentityindependentofitsowners（shareholders）anditsmanagers（officersandtheboardofdirectors）・Itslifeisunaffectedbytheretirementordeathofitsshareholders,officers,anddirectors.

"

Piercingthecorporationve订”theoryMeanstopreventthecompanysindependentpersonalityabuseandprotecttheinterestsofthecreditorsandsocialpublicinterests,thespecificlegalrelationshipofspecificfacts,deniedthatthecompanyanditsshareholdersbehindtheindependentpersonalityandlimitedliabilityofshareholders,shallbeorderedtotheshareholderofthecompany（includingnaturalpersonshareholdersandlegalpersonshareholders）tothecompanycreditorsordirectlyresponsibleforpublicinterests,toachievefairnessandjusticeoftherequirementsandsetupakindoflegalaction.滥用权力的表现1・Separatelegalpersonalityiscapableofabusebyshareholderstoevadelegalobligations;

2.Dominationofthecorporationbyshareholders;

3.Lootingofcorporationassets;

Managementofcorporations：

Managementagencies；

Boardof

directors;

officersofthecorporation;

boardofsupervisors;

Managementofacorporationiselectedbytheshareholders;

Terminationofcorporation：

（DVoluntarytermination:

Maturityofpre-agreedperiod;

Completionofpre-agreedproject;

Agreementoftheshareholderstoterminate

Involuntarytermination：

Wrongfultrading;

Unabletopayitsdebts;

Businessofthecorporationisnotcommencedwithin;

Taxevasion;

Courtresolution;

Shareholdersrights:

（Dshareholders'

meeting

shareholders*electionofdirectors

'

fundamentalcorporatechanges©

shareholders'

inspectionandinformationrights

distributiontoshareholders

Shareholders'

lawsuit

Shareholders^liabilities:

①Shareholdersshouldbeliableforshortdistributionandillegaldistribution

@Iftheshareholdersabusethecorporatepersonalitytoevadelegalobligations,theyareliableforthedebtsofthecorporation

Anagencyisdefinedasafiduciaryrelationshipthatresultswhenoneperson,theprincipal,consentsthatanotherperson,theagent,shallactonbehalfoftheprincipa1.

Ostensibleagency表见代理：

insomesituations,anagent'

spowersareexpandedneitherbyagreementwiththeprincipalnorbycustomoremergency・Underthedoctrineofapparentauthorityofostensibleauthority,authoritymaybecreatedorexpandedwhentheprincipalcausesthirdpartiestoreasonablybelievetheagenthasauthority.

Expressauthority明示授权一employmentcontract;

resolutionoftheboardofdirectors:

advisorymemorandum;

powerofattorney;

Impliedauthority默示授权一onthebasisofexpressauthority;

inthecustomaryfashion;

emergencies;

apparentauthorityandestoppel；

secretlimitations;

Ratification追认：

anagentexceedsthelimitedauthoritygranted;

anon-agentpurportedtoactasagent;

Unauthorizedcontract：

1）impliedwarrantyofauthoritywhetherthethird

partyknewthattheagenthadnoauthorityattheconclusionofthecontract;

2）non-existentprincipal;

Terminationofanagency

Actofthepartiesaccomplishmentofcontractpurpose/occurrenceofevents;

lapseoftime;

mutualagreement;

unilateraltermination;

Operationoflawincapacity,bankruptcy,death;

illegality;

impracticality・

Seller^sobligations：

1.DeliveryoftheGoods-

2.Theturningoverofdocuments

3.Theseller?

sassuranceofthequalityofthegoods

4.Theseller'

sassuranceofownershipofthegoods

5.Theseller?

sassuranceofownershipofthegoodsExceptions

Thebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofthechargeorencumbranceuponthegoods;

Thesellerscompliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulasorotherspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer;

Buyersobligations:

Paymentofprice;

Takingdelivery.

Buyersremedies

Compellingofspecificperformancethebuyerhadnotresortedtoanother

remedy;

thenonconformityconstitutedafundamentalbreach;

timelynotice-givingofthenonconformity;

timelyrequestofspecificperformance・

Avoidancetheseller*sbreachofcontractconstitutesafundamentalbreach;

thesellerrejectstoperformwithinthenachfristnoticebythebuyer

Pricereductionthebuyerreducesaproportionatepartofthepurchaseprice

inordertooffsettheshortageortoreflectthereducedvalueofthenonconforminggoods・

Refusingearlydeliveryandexcessquantity

Seller'

sremedies

1.tocompelspecificperformance;

2.toavoidthecontractforafundamentalbreachorfailuretocureadefect;

3.toobtainmissingspecifications

Remediesavailabletobothbuyersandsellers

1.suspensionofperformance;

2.avoidanceinanticipationofafundamentalbreach;

3.avoidanceofaninstallmentcontract;

4.avoidance;

5・damages;

Billoflading

Abillofladingisacontractbetweenacarrier（seller,buyerortheiragent）andanoceancarrierforthecarriageofgoods・

CharacteristicsofB/L

l.Asacertificateofreceipt:

asprimafacieevidencebetweentheshipper

andthecarrier,ifB/Lisnottransferred;

asfinalevidencebetweenthecarrierandthetransfereeofB/L;

2.Asanevidenceofthecarriagecontractbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper;

3.Asadocumentoftitle：

thecarrierdeliversthegoodsagainsttheoriginal

B/L;

ClassificationsofB/L提单的分类

LoadedB/L;

NamedB/L;

TotheorderB/L;

BlankB/L;

AntedatedB/L倒签提单-itisissuedearlierthantheactualshippingdate;

AdvancedB/L预借提单-itisissuedbeforetheshippingofthegoods;

CleanB/L清洁提单issuedthroughindemnity-itisissuedthroughindemnitytocancelthe"

unclean"

factsofthegoods: