英语泛读教程三Word文件下载.docx

英语泛读教程三Word文件下载.docx

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crash

clap

mutter

giggle

hum

gulp

Thereisnoneedtosayanythingelseaboutthesewords,fortheyspeakforthemselves.Youcanprobablythinkofmanymore.

Thentherearetheinventedwords.English-speakingpeoplehavealwaysmadeupwordsasitsuitedthem,andtheycontinuetodosoeveryday.Onekindofinventedwordisonewhichismadeupoftwootherwords.Dictionariescallthiskindofwordacompound.Ifyouput"

play"

and"

thing"

together,yougetthecompound,"

plaything."

Howmanycanyouaddtothislist?

raincoat

milkshake

upstairs

standstill

headlight

shutout

sailboat

downstairs

income

headline

Aswellasputtingtwowholewordstogether,wealsoaddpartsofwordscalledprefixesandsuffixestothewholewords.MostprefixesandsuffixescomefromLatinorGreek,andeachhasaspecialmeaningofitsown.Whenweaddaprefixbeforeawordorasuffixattheendofit,wechangeitsmeaning.Forexample,theprefixre-means"

again."

Ifweaddre-to"

do"

or"

paint"

wegettwonewwordsmeaning"

doagain"

paintagain."

Un-means"

theoppositeof"

not."

Byaddingun-to"

happy"

kind"

weget"

unhappy"

unkind"

meaning"

nothappy"

notkind."

Thesuffix-nessmeans"

theconditionof."

"

Happiness"

kindness"

aretheconditionsofbeinghappyandkind.Itiseasytoseethemeaningsofunhappinessandunkindness.Thewordtowhichweattachtheprefixesandsuffixesiscalledtherootword.Inawordlikeunkindnesstherootwordiskind.

Somewords,likeastronaut,aremadeupentirelyofGreekorLatinprefixesandsuffixes.Astro-isaGreekprefixmeaning"

havingtodowiththestars"

;

naut-means"

havingtodowithsailing."

So,anastronautisa"

star-sailor."

Otherwordscanberootwords,prefixesorsuffixes,dependingonwheretheycomeintheword.Remember,theprefixcomesfirst,therootwordsecond,andthesuffixlast.Asanexample,let'

staketheword"

graph"

andbuildseveraldifferentinventedwordswithitbyaddingprefixesandsuffixestoitorusingitasaprefixorsuffix.Graphbyitselfmeansanythingwhichisshowntousinpicturesorwriting.Forinstance,yourteachermightwanttokeeptrackofyourreadingprogressbydrawingagraphofyourreadingtestscores,orabusinessmanmightdrawgraphswhichshowtheupsanddownsofhiscompany'

ssalesrecords.Now,byaddingtheprefixesandsuffixeslistedbelowtograph,wecanmakeseveralnewwords.Noticethatgraphispartofalongersuffixaswellasasuffixbyitself.

Prefixes

Suffixes

auto-

self

-graphy

studyof;

artof

bio-

life

-graph

somethingwritten

phono-

sound

-ic

similarto;

like

photo-

light

-ology

studyof

tele-

distant

-phone

Herearesomewordsmadewith"

.

autograph－signature;

aperson'

snamewritteninhisorherhandwriting

biography－storyofaperson'

slife

autobiography－studyofaperson'

slifewrittenbyhimselforherself

graphology－studyofhandwriting

telegraph－distantwriting

phonograph－writingorapictureinsound

photograph－writingorapictureinlight

photography－artoftakingpictures

graphic－clearlywrittenordrawn

Youmayhavenoticedthatyoucanmakeevenotherwordsusingsomeoftheseprefixesandsuffixeswithoutgraph."

Biology"

isthestudyoflife.Whatdoyouthinkisthemeaningof"

biologic"

?

Iftheprefixanti-means"

against,"

whatdoes"

antibiotic"

reallymean?

TherearehundredsofLatinandGreekprefixesintheEnglishlanguage,andthepossibilitiesforinventingnewwordsareendless.Everyday,aswemakenewdiscoveriesinscienceandtechnology,weinventnewwordstodescribethem.ManyofthesenewwordsarecombinationsofrootwordsandprefixesandsuffixeswhichhavealreadyexistedinEnglishforcenturies.

Anotherkindofinventedwordisthenonsenseword.Somenonsensewordsareusedforawhilebyonlyafewpeopleandthendisappearcompletelyfromthelanguage,nevertobeusedagain.Others,whentheybecomepopularenoughandareusedoveraperiodoftime,becomeapermanentpartofthelanguage.Ifenoughpeopledecideandagreeonthemeaningofaninventedword,itisheretostay.Someexamplesofeverydaymodernwordswhichprobablybeganasnonsensewordscenturiesagoare:

bad,big,lad,lass,chat,jobandfun.Linguistsguessthatthesearenonsensewordsbecausetheyhavenotbeenabletotracethembacktoanyoftheancestorlanguages.Justwhoinventedthem,andwhenorwhereremainsapuzzle.Puzzleitselfisoneofthesemysterywords.Nooneknowswhereitcamefrom.

LewisCarroll,authorofAliceinWonderlandandThroughtheLookingGlass,wasagreatinventorofnonsensewords.Asamatteroffact,hecreatedawholelanguageofnonsense.MostofCarroll'

snonsensewordsarenotusedinEnglish,exceptfor"

chortle."

Chortle,Carrolltellsus,isacrossbetweenachuckleandasnort.Thewordisformedbypackingtwodifferentmeaningstogetherinit.Thedictionarycallssuchwordsblends.Afairlyrecentblend,which,unfortunately,wehearalmosteveryday,is"

smog,"

acombinationofsmokeandfog.

Peopleinventnonsensewordsbycombiningcertainsoundsthatjustseemtofitthethingsoractionstheydescribe.Oftenwemakeupwordsforanythingwhichisbasicallyrathersilly.SpoofwasinventedbyanEnglishcomediansomefiftyyearsago.Itmeans"

topokefunat."

HornswogglewasusedagreatdealintheUnitedStatesduringthenineteenthcentury,anditmeans"

tocheat."

Ifadishonestpoliticianwantstohornswogglethetaxpayers,heinventsa"

boondoggle,"

whichisauseless,expensiveprojectwhichdoesnobodyanygood.Fairlyrecentlysomeoneinventedtheword"

gobbledygook."

Whenpeopletalkorwriteusinglong,fancywordsthatreallymeannothing,wecallitgobbledygook.Unfortunately,manypeopleusegobbledygookbecausetheywanttoseemmoreimportantthantheyare,orbecausetheydon'

treallywantpeopletounderstandwhattheymeanorwhattheyaredoing.So,whenthedishonestpoliticianwantstohornswogglethepublicwithaboondoggle,heusuallyexplainsthingsingobbledygook.

WhenLewisCarrollwaswritinghisbooksthewordgobbledygookhadnotbeeninventedyet,butCarrollwouldhaveknownexactlywhatitmeant.Carrolllovedtospooforpokefunatpeoplewhousedfancy,important-soundingwordswhensimplelanguagewouldhavedonebetter.InonepartofThroughtheLookingGlass,AlicehasaconversationwithHumptyDumptyinwhichHumptyDumptyinsistswordscanmeanwhateverhewantsthemtomean.Aliceinsiststhatthisisimpossible.Ifeveryonedidthatnoonewouldunderstandanyoneelse.Theconversationgoeslikethis:

But‘glory'

doesn'

tmean‘aniceknockdownargument'

"

Aliceobjected.

WhenIuseaword,"

HumptyDumptysaid,inratherascornfultone,"

itmeansjustwhatIchooseittomean－neithermorenorless."

Thequestionis,"

saidAlice,"

whetheryoucanmakewordsmeansomanydifferentthings."

saidHumptyDumpty,"

whichistobethemaster－that'

sall."

Thequestionis,justasHumptyDumptysaid,whichistobemaster.ButHumptyDumptyusedwordsinanoddway,andthatmadehimamasterofgobbledygook,notamasteroflanguage.Amasteroflanguageknowswhatwordsreallymean,andwheretheycomefrom;

knowswhentousebig,importantonesandwhentousetheshorter,equallyimportantsimpleones.WinstonChurchillwasagreatBritishprimeminister.Hewasalsoagreatwriter,trulyamasteroflanguage.Hesaidonce,"

Shortwordsarebest,andoldwordswhentheyareshort,arebestofall."

1.Theotheronefifthismadeuppartlyofborrowedwordsandpartlyofthreeotherkindsofwords:

andinventedwords.（A）

（a）reproducingclosely（b）similar

（c）original（d）root

2.PasteurizedgetsitsnamefromLouisPasteur,aFrenchdoctorwhoinventedtheprocessforpurifyingmilk.（B）

（a）Distilled（b）Purified

（c）Processed（d）Invented

3.Somewords,likeastronaut,aremadeupentirelyofGreekorLatinprefixesandsuffixes.（C）

（a）oneengagedinthestudyofthestars

（b）oneengagedinthestudyoftheuniverse

（c）oneengagedinspaceflight

（d）ascientificobserverofthecelestialbodies

4.Iftheprefixanti-means"

whatdoesantibioticreallymean?

（A）

（a）antibacterial（b）health-protecting

（c）bacteria-producing（d）non-organic

5.Linguistsguessthatthesearenonsensewordsbecausetheyhavenotbeenabletotracethembackto