公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文档格式.docx
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TheNewPublicManagementSituation
Nodoubt,manycountriesintheworld,andbothdevelopedcountriesanddevelopingcountries,inthelate1980sandearly1990sbeganacontinuouspublicsectormanagementreformmovement.Thereformmovementisstillinmanyaspectsgovernmentcontinuetotheorganizationandmanagementoftheinfluence.Peopleinthesereformsviewrepudiatingthem.CriticsespeciallyinBritainandtheUnitedStates,criticssaythenewmodeofvariousproblemsexist,butalsodoesnothavetheinternationalprevailingreformofpublicmanagement,couldnotbecalledparadigm.Criticismfromalmosteveryaspectofthechange.Mostoftheacademiccriticismbelongtothemouth.Differentschoolsofthoughtindetaildiscussion,Theacademicjournalarticlesandabstraction,fromreality.Atthesametime,inthepracticeofpublicmanagementandimplementationofthereformandthechange.AsIinotherarticlesinthethought,inmostcountries,thetraditionalpublicadministrativemodeforpublicmanagementmodehasbeenreplaced.Thereformofpublicdepartmentrespondedtotherealitiesofseveralinterrelatedproblems,including:
thefunctionofpublicsectorprovidepublicservicesoflowefficiency,Economictheoryofchange,Privatesectorrelatedchangesimpactofglobalization,especiallyasakindofeconomicpower,Technologychangesmadedecentralizationandbettercontrolgloballybecomespossible.Theadministrativemanagementcanbedividedintothreestages:
thedevelopmentofdistinctphases,andpublicadministrationbeforetraditionalpatternandpublicmanagementreformstage.Eachstagehasitsownmanagementmode.Fromastageoftransitiontothenextstageisnoteasy,fromthetraditionalpublicadministrationtopublicadministrationhasnotyetcompletedthetransition.Butitwasonlyamatteroftime.Becausethenewmodeoftheoreticalbasisisverystrong.Thenewpublicmanagementmovement"
"
althoughthisname,butitisnotonlyadebateinthebooming,andinmostdevelopedcountrieshavetakenthebestmanagementmodeofexpression.Thetraditionaladministrativemodethanit'
sageisagreatreform,butthattimehaspassed.
Atraditionalpattern
Obviously,inthelate19thcenturybureaucracysystemtheory,notsoundalreadyexistssomeformofadministrativemanagement.Publicadministrationhasalonghistory,anditistheconceptofagovernmentandtheriseofcivilizationashistory.AsthecaseGlad2denOsamabinladen(point),amodelofadministrativesincethegovernmentappearshasexisted.Firstisendowedwithfounderorleader,thenisthesocialoradministrativepersontoorganizersofeternity.Administrationmanagementorbusinessisallinsocialactivities,althoughnotamongfactors,buttheglowofsocialsustainabledevelopmentisofvitalimportance.RecognizedadministrativesysteminancientEgyptisalreadyexists,itsjurisdictionfromtheNilefloodingcausedbytheyeartobuildthepyramidsirrigationaffairs.Chinaisadoptedinthehandynasty,Confuciannormsthatgovernmentshouldbeelected,notaccordingtothebackground,butaccordingtothecharacterandability,thegovernment'
smaingoalistoseekthewelfareofthepeople.InEurope,variousempire-Greek,Roman,andtheholyRoman,Spain'
sadministrativeempire,theyfirstbythecentralthroughvariousrulesandprocedures.Weber'
sthought,"
modern"
medievalcountriesdevelopsimultaneouslywith"
bureaucraticmanagementstructuredevelopment"
.Althoughthesecountriesindifferentways,buttheyhavecommonfeatures,itcanbecalledbeforemodern.Namely,theadministrativesystemofearlyessenceisthepersonificationof,ortheestablishmentinMaxWeber'
s"
nepotism"
basis,i.e.toloyaltothekingorministercertainhumanfoundation,notispersonified,Withallegiancetotheorganizationorindividualbasisratherthanforthefoundation.Althoughtherearesuchaviewpointthatadministrationitselfnotonlypraisefromtraditionalmode,thecharacteristicofearlybutoftenleadstoseekpersonalinterestscorruptionorabuseofpower.Intheearlyadministrativesystem,wenowfeelverystrangeapproachhasthefunctionsofgovernmentadministrationisgenerallybehavior.Allthosewhowalkofficialtendtorelyonfriendsorrelativesforworkorbuyofficer,whichmeansthemoneytobuythefirstofficerortaxofficials,andthenouttothecustomertomoney,whichisthefirsttobuyofficerrecoveryinvestmentcost,andcanmakeafortune.Americainthe19thcenturyFenFeisystemof"
politicalparties"
meansintherulingchangedatthesametime,thegovernmentofalladministrativepositionischanged.Modernbureaucracyisbefore"
personal,traditional,diffusionandsimilarandspecial"
andaccordingtotheargument,modernWeberbureaucracyis"
impersonal,rational,concrete,achievementorientationandcommon"
.Personalizedgovernmentisofteninefficient:
nepotismmeansincompetentnotcapablepersonwasarrangedtopositionsofleadership,FenFeipoliticalcorruption,inadditiontomakingoftenstillexistseriouslowefficiency.Theenormoussuccessoftraditionaladministrativepatternthatearlypracticelooksstrange.Specializationandnotpoliticizedadministrativeinouropinionissodifficulttoimaginethattrace,thereexistothersystem.Westernadministrativesystemevensimpleselectionofofficialstopasstheexam,until1854,BritainandnorthG..M.TrevelyanreportafterNorthcote-begantoestablishinChina,althoughthesystemhaslongpassage.
Thetraditionalpublicadministrativepattern
Inthelate19thcentury,additionallyonekindofpatternontheworldpopular,thisistheso-calledtraditionaladministrativepattern.Itsmaintheoreticalbasisfromseveralcountries,namely,theAmericanscholarsandGermanyWoodrowWilsonofMaxWeber'
s,peopleputtheirassociatedwithbureaucracymodel,FrederickTylersystematicallyelaboratedthescientificmanagementtheory,thetheoryoftheprivatesectorfromAmerica,forpublicadministrationmethodwasprovided.Andtheothertheorists,Taylorwithoutfocusingonpublicsector,buthistheorywasinfluentialinthisfield.Thethreetraditionalpublicadministrationmodeistheoristofmaineffect.Inothercountries,plusG..M.TrevelyanandNorthAmerica,thestateadministrationofadministrativesystem,especiallytheWilsonhasproducedimportantinfluence.Inthe19thcentury,thenorthG..M.Trevelyanandputforwardthroughtheexaminationandcharacter,andappointedofficialsputforwardbiasandadministrativeneutralpointofview.Thetraditionaladministrativepatternhasthefollowingfeatures:
1.Thebureaucracy.Thegovernmentshall,accordingtotheprincipleofbureaucraticrankandorganization.TheGermansociologistMaxWeberbureaucracysystemofaclassic,andanalysis.Althoughthebureaucracyinbusinessorganizationsandothertissues,butitisinthepublicsectorgotbetterandlonger.
2.Thebestwayofworkingandproceduresareinfullmanualdetailcodes,foradministrativepersonneltofollow.Strictlyabidebytheseprincipleswillrunfortheorganizationprovidesthebestway.
3.Bureaucraticservice.Oncethegovernmentpolicyareasin,itwillbethroughthebureaucracytoprovidepublicproductsandserviceproviders.
4.Inpoliticalandadministrativetworelations,politicalandadministrativemanagersgenerallythinkofadministrativeaffairscanbeseparated.Administrationistheimplementinstruction,andanymatterpolicyorstrategicaffairsshallbedecidedbythepoliticalleaders,whichcanensurethatthedemocraticsystem.
5.Publicinterestsareassumedtoindividualcivilservants,theonlymotiveforpublicserviceisselflesspaying.
6.Professionalbureaucracy.Publicadministrationisviewedasakindofspecialactivities,thusrequirements,obscure,civilservantsneutralequalemploymentandlifelongservicetoanypoliticalleaders.
7.Theadministrativetaskistocarryoutthemeaningofthewritteninstructionsandnotothersassumethepersonalresponsibility.
Throughthecomparisonoftheearlyadministrativepattern,wecanbetterunderstandthemainadvantagesandWebbersystemdifferences.Webbersystemanditisthemostimportantmodeofvariousbeforethedifference:
therule-basedimpersonalsystemreplacedthepersonificationofadministrativemanagementsystem.Anorganizationanditsrulesthananyofthepeopleareimportantorganization.Bureaucracyisitsoperationandhowtorespondtocustomermustispersonified.AsWeberhasdemonstratedthatthemodernofficemanagement"
willbeincorporatedintovariousregulationsdeeplytouchedit.Themodernpublicadministrationbylawtheory,tocommandcertainaffairsauthorityhasbeenawardedthelegitimatepublicauthority.Thisdoesnotgrantaninstitutionspecificcasesthroughsomeinstructions.Itonlymattersisabstractlycontrolsomeissues.Incontrast,throughpersonalprivilegesandgiveconcessionregulationofallaffairs.Thelatteriscompletelydominatedbythehereditarysystem,atleasttheseaffairsisnotthetraditionalinfringementisthissituation."
Itisveryimportant.Earlyadministrationbasedonpersonalrelationships,beloyaltorelatives,protect,leadersorpolitical,ratherthanonthesystem.Sometimes,theearlyadministrationispoliticallysensitive,becauseoftheadministrativeorgansofthestaffisappointed,theyalsopoliticiansarmsormainstreamclass.However,itisoftenautocratic,autocraticadministrationmaybeunfair,especiallyforthosewhocan'
torunwillingtoinputpersonalandpoliticalgame.Oneofthebasicprinciplesforwithweberimpersonalsystemtocompletelyeliminateautocratic-atlea