生物专业英语词汇SZWord格式文档下载.docx

生物专业英语词汇SZWord格式文档下载.docx

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e.g.,red-greencolorblindnessandHemophiliainhumans.Traitslocatedonthex-chromosome.性连锁，伴性（遗传）

8.Sexualreproduction 

asystemofreproductioninwhichtwoHaploidsexcells（Gametes）fusetoproduceaDiploidzygote.

9.Short-dayplants 

plantsthatflowerduringearlyspringorfallwhennightsarerelativelylonganddaysareshort;

e.g.,poinsettia一品红anddandelions.

10.Sicklecellanemiahumanautosomalrecessivediseasethatcausesproductionofabnormalredbloodcellsthatcollapse（orsickle）andcausecirculatoryproblems.

11.Sisterchromatids 

Chromatidsjoinedbyacommoncentromereandcarryingidenticalgeneticinformation（unlessCrossing-overhasoccurred）.

12.Skeletalmuscle 

musclethatisgenerallyattachedtotheskeletonandcausesbodypartstomove;

consistsofMusclefibers.Voluntarymusclecellsthathaveastriatedappearance.Thesemusclescontrolskeletalmovementsandarenormallyunderconsciouscontrol.

13.Skeletalsystem 

oneofelevenmajorbodyorgansystemsinanimals;

supportsthebody,protectsinternalorgans,and,withtheMuscularsystem,allowsmovementandlocomotion.

14.Smallintestine 

acoiledtubeintheabdominalcavitythatisthemajorsiteofchemicalDigestionandabsorptionofnutrients;

composedoftheDuodenum,Jejunum,andIleum.

15.Smog 

alocalalterationintheatmospherecausedbyhumanactivity;

mainlyanurbanproblemthatisoftenduetopollutantsproducedbyfuelcombustion.=smoke＋fog

16.SomaticcellacellthatisnotorwillnotbecomeaGamete;

thecellsofthebody.体细胞

17.Species 

oneormorepopulationsofinterbreedingorpotentiallyinterbreedingorganismsthatarereproductivelyisolatedinnaturefromallotherorganisms.Populationsofindividualscapableofinterbreedingandproducingviable,fertileoffspring.Theleastinclusivetaxonomiccategorycommonlyused.

18.Spermatogenesisthedevelopmentofspermcellsfromspermatocytestomaturesperm,includingMeiosis.

19.Spinalcord 

acylinderofnervetissueextendingfromtheBrainstem;

脑干receivessensoryinformationandsendsoutputmotorsignals;

withthebrain,formstheCentralnervoussystem.Nervecellcollectionsextendingfromthebaseofthebraintojustbelowthelastribvertebrae.脊髓

20.Sporangia 

thestructuresinwhichsporesareproduced（sing.:

sporangium）.孢子囊

21.Spores 

imperviousstructuresformedbysomecellsthatencapsulatethecellsandprotectthemfromtheenvironment;

HaploidcellsthatcansurviveunfavorableconditionsandgerminateintonewhaploidindividualsoractasGametesinFertilization.

22.Startcodon 

thecodon（aug）onaMessengerRNAmoleculewhereproteinsynthesisbegins.起始密码子＝initiationcodon

23.Stimulus 

aphysicalorchemicalchangeintheenvironmentthatleadstoaresponsecontrolledbytheNervoussystem.

24.Stomach 

themuscularorganbetweentheEsophagusandsmallintestinethatstores,mixes,anddigestsfoodandcontrolsthepassageoffoodintothesmallintestine.

25.Stomata 

poresontheundersideofleavesthatcanbeopenedorclosedtocontrolgasexchangeandwaterloss.OpeningsintheEpidermis（usuallyoftheleaf）thatallowgasexchange.|

26.Stopcodon 

thecodononaMessengerRNAmoleculewhereproteinsynthesisstops.

27.Stroma 

thematrixsurroundingtheGranaintheinnermembraneofChloroplasts.Theareabetweenmembranes（thylakoids,grana）insidethechloroplast.

28.Subspecies 

ataxonomicsubdivisionofaspecies;

apopulationofaparticularregiongeneticallydistinguishablefromothersuchpopulationsandcapableofinterbreedingwiththem.缩写ssp.=subsp.

29.Symbiosis 

aninteractiveassociationbetweentwoormorespecieslivingtogether;

maybeparasitic,commensal,ormutualistic.Therelationshipbetweentwoorganisms.

t

1.Taproot 

aprimaryrootthatgrowsverticallydownwardandgivesoffsmallLateralroots;

occursinDicots.Rootsysteminplantscharacterizedbyonerootlongerthantheotherroots.Example:

carrot.

2.Targetcellacellthataparticularhormoneeffectsbyitsdirectaction（eitherpassingthroughthemembraneorbindingtoasurface）

3.Taxonomy 

asystematicmethodofclassifyingplantsandanimals.Classificationoforganismsbasedondegreesofsimilaritypurportedlyrepresentingevolutionary（phylogenetic）relatedness.

4.Telophase 

thefinalstageofMitosisinwhichtheChromosomesmigratetooppositepoles,anewnuclearenvelopeforms,andthechromosomesuncoil.ThelastphaseofnucleardivisioninEukaryoteswhenthesegregatedchromosomesuncoilandbegintoreformnuclei.Thisisimmediatelyfollowed（inmostcases）byCytokinesis.

5.TemplatestrandthestrandofDNAthatistranscribedtomakeRNA.

6.Testcrossgeneticcrossingofanorganismwithknowngenotype（onethatexhibitstherecessivephenotype）withanindividualexpressingtheDominantphenotypebutofunknownheritage.

7.Thylakoids 

thespecializedmembranestructuresinwhichphotosynthesistakesplace.Internalmembranesinthechloroplastwherethelightreactionchemicalsareembedded.CollectionsofthylakoidsformtheGrana.

8.ThymineoneofthepyrimidinebasesinDNA,thymineisreplacedbyuracilinRNA.

9.Tissues 

groupsofsimilarcellsorganizedtocarryoutoneormorespecificfunctions.GroupsofcellsperformingafunctioninaMulticellularorganism.

10.Toxinstermappliedtopoisonsinlivingsystems.

11.Transcription 

thesynthesisofRNAfromaDNAtemplate.ThemakingofRNAfromonestrandoftheDNAmolecule.

12.TransferRNA（tRNA）small,single-strandedRNAmoleculesthatbindtoaminoacidsanddeliverthemtothepropercodononMessengerRNA.Thetrucksofproteinsynthesisthatcarrythespecifiedaminoacidtotheribosome.Abbreviatedtrna.

13.Translation 

thesynthesisofproteinonatemplateofMessengerRNA;

consistsofthreesteps:

Initiation,Elongation,andtermination.MakingofapolypeptidesequencebytranslatingtheGeneticcodeofanmrnamoleculeassociatedwitharibosome.

14.Transpiration 

thelossofwatermoleculesfromtheleavesofaplant;

createsanosmoticgradient;

producingtensionthatpullswaterupwardfromtheroots.

15.Tuballigation 

acontraceptiveprocedureinwomeninwhichtheoviductsarecut,preventingtheovafromreachingtheuterus（子宫）。

结扎

16.Tuberswollenundergroundsteminplantsthatstorefood,suchastheirishpotato.块茎

17.Tubulin 

theproteinsubunitfromwhichMicrotubulesareassembled.

u

1.Unicellular 

single-celled.

2.Unsaturatedfatatriglyceridewithdoublecoaventbondsbetweensomecarbonatoms.

3.UracilthepyrimidinethatreplacesthymineinRNAmoleculesandNucleotides.尿嘧啶

4.Urine 

fluidcontainingvariouswastesthatisproducedinthekidneyandexcretedfromtheBladder（膀胱）.

v

1.Vaccination 

theprocessofprotectingagainstinfectiousdiseasebyintroducingintothebodyavaccinethatstimulatesaprimaryimmuneresponseandtheproductionofmemorycellsagainstthedisease-causingagent.种痘Vacca＝cow

2.Vaccine 

apreparationcontainingdeadorweakenedpathogensthatwheninjectedintothebodyelicits（引起）animmuneresponse.

3.Vacuoles 

membrane-boundfluid-filledspacesinplantandanimalcellsthatremovewasteproductsandstoreingestedfood.

4.Vein 

thin-walledvesselsthatcarrybloodtotheheart.UnitsoftheCirculatorysystemthatcarrybloodtotheheart.静脉，artery动脉

5.Vernalization 

artificialexposureofseedsorseedlingstocoldtoenabletheplanttoflower.春化作用Vernal春天的

6.Vertebrate 

anyanimalhavingasegmentedvertebralcolumn;

membersofthesubphylumvertebrata;

includereptiles,fishes,mammals,andBirds.

7.Virusinfectiouschemicalagentcomposedofanucleicacid（DNAorRNA）insideaproteincoat.

8.Vitamin 

adiversegroupoforganicmoleculesthatarerequiredformetabolicreactionsandgenerallycannotbesynthesizedinthebody.

wxyz

1.WhitebloodcellcomponentofthebloodthatfunctionsintheImmunesystem.Alsoknownasaleukocyte.

2.X-chromosomeoneofthesexChromosomes.

3.X-raydiffractiontechniqueutilizedtostudyatomicstructureofcrystallinesubstancesbynotingthepatternsproducedbyx-raysshotthroughthecrystal.

4.Zygote 

afertilizedegg.ADiploidcellresultingfromFertilizationofaneggbyaspermcell.