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Chinesetraditionalfolkmusicconcertsaresteadilygainingpopularity.TheChinaCentralNationalitiesOrchestra’sImpressionofChineseMusic,forinstance,hasoverthepast12monthsbeenabighitinseveralbigcities.
TraditionalMusicRevivification
BasedonafolksongchoirandanorchestraspecializingintraditionalChinesemusicoftheformerCentralEnsembleofSongsandDances,ChinaNationalOrchestrawasestablishedin1960.LinMohan,thendeputyMinisterofCulture,hadhighhopesthatitwould“reformChinesefolkmusicalinstrumentsandpromotenationalmusic.”
Folkmusicconsequentlyisandalwayshasbeentheorchestra’sfocus.ItsmusicianshavebeentoXi’aninShaanxiProvinceandZhoushaninZhejiangProvince,respectivelytoresearchdrummusicandgonganddrummusic.TheyhavealsoconductedstudiesinJiangsuonthetraditionalstringandwoodwindinstrumentspopularinregionssouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Thismethodologycontinuestothisday.Theorchestrahasestablishedcontactsintownsandvillagesthroughwhichtocollectfolkmusic.Inrecentyears,traditionalorchestralmusicconcertshavebeenwarmlyreceivedbyaudiences,BeautifulXinjiangandTibetinSpringinparticular.TheorchestrahaslaunchedprojectsandorganizedeventsaimedspecificallyatpromotingtraditionalChinesemusic.
TheorchestraalsobringstraditionalChinesemusictotheworld.ChinaNationalOrchestraheldconcertsinVienna’sGoldenHallin1998,1999and2010.In2003itsperformanceattheopeningceremonyoftheChineseCultureYearinFrancemarkedthestartthereofanationaltour.DuringtheBeijingOlympicGamesin2008,theorchestraperformedaconcertofChinesenationalmusicforvisitingheadsofstateattheGreatHallofthePeople,andin2013didaperformancetourofseveralU.S.cities.TheChinaNationalOrchestrarepertoirenowincludessignatureconcertsthathaveestablisheditsinternationalreputation. ChinesefolkmusiciansobservedWesternorchestraltechniquesinthe1920sand1930swhileatthesametimebearinginmindthecharacteristicsoftraditionalChinesemusicalinstruments.Thissetthestageforalarge-scalena-tionalmusicorchestracomprisingwind,percussion,andbowedandpluckedstringinstruments.Agoodnumberofthenationalorchestrasfoundedaftertheestablishmentin1949ofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,includingtheShanghaiChineseOrchestra,ChinaBroadcastingNationalOrchestraandGuangdongNationalOrchestra,weretaskedwithdevelopingtraditionalmusic.
Alargeorchestragenerallycomprises50to80members,whilethoseintheprovincesusuallyhave20to30.SmallerorchestrasinuniversitiesandsecondaryandprimaryschoolshavenurturedcountlessinheritorsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Amateurmusicgroupsplayingerhuandothertraditionalmusicalinstrumentsinparksandlocalneighborhoodsareacommonsightthroughoutthecountry.
Manyoutstandingplayershaveappearedamidthistraditionalmusicrevival.LiuMingyuan,LiuDehai,WangHuiran,WangGuotong,WangFandi,MinHuifen,XiaoBaiyong,TangLiangxing,andWuYuxiaareallvirtuosoperformersofthehuqin(bowedstringinstrumentsincludingtheerhu),pipa(afour-stringedlute)andliuqin(apluckedstringinstrument).AmericanmusicianshavepraisederhuperformerMinHuifenasagenius.TheFrenchpressalsowaxeslyricalaboutherplaying,sayingthateventhepausesinherperformanceemitcadences.WuYuxia,pipamasteranddeputyheadofChinaNationalOrchestra,haswonawardsbothinChinaandabroad.SheplayedthethemeandincidentalmusicforsuchfilmsasTheLastEmperorandFarewellMyConcubine.
InheritanceandProgress
PerformersoftraditionalChinesemusicstrivetoinnovateandimprovetheirartthroughnewperformancetechniquesandbyupgradingtheirinstruments.WangHuiran’simprovementstotheliuqinhaveearnedhimtheepithet“fatheroftheliuqin.”
Theliuqinorliuyeqinissonamedforitsresemblancetoawillowleaf.(InChinese,liumeanswillow).OriginatinginsouthernShandongandnorthernJiangsuprovinces,itisthemainstayofmusicalensemblesthataccompanylocaloperas.Thetraditionalliuqinhastwostrings,arangetoonarrowforsmoothorchestralintegration.
WangHuiranfirstcameupontheliuqinin1958duringatriptosouthernShandong.Hethereafterfocusedonimprovingtheinstrument.WorkingtogetherwithamusicalinstrumentsmanufacturerinXuzhou,JiangsuProvince,Wangproducedthefirstthree-stringliuqin,whichhassharpertonesthanthetraditionalmodel.Helateraddedafourthstring,sogivingtheinstrumentawiderrange.Theupgradedliuqinthushasthecharacteristicfeaturesofthepipa,sanxian(athree-stringfretlesspluckedinstrument)guzheng(Chinesezitherwithmovablebridges)andguitar,whichmakesitaveryexpressiveinstrument.Idealforsolos,italsoconstitutesthemuch-neededhigh-pitchedpluckedstringinstrumentpreviouslyabsentfromnationalmusicorchestras.China’sMinistryofCultureawardedWangforthisinnovation.Hehassincecomposedmanyworksforbothliuqinsolosandpluckedstringinstrumentensembles. Artisansandmanufacturersofnationalmusicalinstruments,meanwhile,areadvancingproductionmethodsofmusicalinstruments?
Cfrommaterialstoworkmanship.Zhang’sMusicalInstrumentsisaprivatefactoryinTianjin.FounderZhangFuqistartedoutmakingguqin(aseven-stringpluckedinstrument)andhuqin.HemadeseveralofthelatterforhuqinvirtuosoXuLanyuan,whowasespeciallyfavoredbylegendaryPekingOperamasterMeiLanfang.Today,Zhang’sbusinesshasexpandedtoincludethemanufactureofguzheng,erhu,pipa,flute,andruan(alutewithafrettedneck,circularbodyandfourstrings).Some10veterancraftsmenfromalloverthecountryfashiontheseinstrumentsoutofdiversewoods,suchassandalwoodandblackwalnut.Zhangalsosetupanationalmusicalinstrumentsculturecenterthathasruntrainingprogramsforalmosttwodecades.
CulturalDividends
ChinaMusicalInstrumentAssociationdatashowthatin2012,China’s28large-scaletraditionalmusicalinstrumentmanufacturingcompaniesgeneratedatotalindustrialoutputvalueofRMB3.173billion?
C39.59percentmorethanthepreviousyear?
CandatotalsalesvalueofRMB3.113billion?
Canincreaseof39.54percentover2011.Salesoftheguzheng,themostpopularinstrumentamongnovices,havesoared.Forexample,morethan80,000DunhuangbrandguzhengproducedbyShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryweresoldin2013,generatingayear-onyeargrowthof27.4percentandsalesrevenuesinexcessofRMB200million.
Inrecentyears,governmentsatvariouslevelshavemadeconsistenteffortstopreserveandsupportChina’sfolkmusic.ManyprojectsinvolvingnationalmusicappearsuccessivelyonthefourlistsofnationalintangibleculturalheritageitemsreleasedbyChina’sMinistryofCulture.Theyincludetheperformanceartsofguzhengandpipa,themanufacturingandperformanceskillsofthefluteoftheQiangethnicgroup,thehorse-headstringedinstrumentcraftsmanshipoftheMongolianethnicgroup,andShanghaimanufacturingtechniquesoftraditionalmusicalinstruments.Therearestillmoreitemsonlocalprotectionlists.
Market-orientedInnovations
In2012theMinistryofCulturenamedmasterguzhengmakerXuZhengaooftheShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryaninheritorofnationalintangibleculturalheritage.
Xuwasbornin1933.HelefthishometownforShanghaiwhileinhisteenstomakealivingfromproducingpluckedstringinstruments.HejoinedShanghaiNo.1NationalMusicInstrumentsFactoryin1958,andwasapprenticedtoseniorguzhengmakerMiaoJinlin.Xuworkedsohardthathebecamequalifiedinjustoneyear. Attheendof1963,XuandMiaotogetherdevelopedanewtypeofguzhengthathasabroaderrangeandamoreaestheticallypleasingform.Asitlaterbecamethestandardguzheng,Xuisknownasthe“fatherofguzheng.”
“Afterthat,Istartedtodesigncarveddecorativepatternsfortheinstrument,”Xusaid.“Itwashardatfirst.Itriedtomakedragon,tigerandshrimpdesigns,butnoneofthemworked.”Afterpracticingdrawingeverydayhefinallydesignedfourcarvingstoembellishhisguzheng,someofwhicharestillappliedtoday.
Xuoftenseekstheopinionsofmusicianswhenmakingaguzhengsothathecanmakeinnovationstosuitperfor-manceneeds.In2001,XuZhengao,theninhislate60s,cooperatedwithprominentcarverZhongYamintomakeasandalwoodguzhengcarvedwithcranesandturtles,whichinChineseculturesymbolizelongevity.Thismasterpiecewonanationalartaward.FamousguzhengplayerWangZhongsha