大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末.docx

大二英语 中国文化概况 中国文化概况期末.docx

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大二英语中国文化概况中国文化概况期末

Chapter1AGeneralIntroductiontoChineseCulture

WordsandExpressions:

thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙

porcelain瓷器

TheappellationofChina

Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches（中游）oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto（合并，融合）one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.

Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatethe"MiddleKingdom"（中国）,thusgivingChinaitscountryname.

Chinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan（昌南）,whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen（景德镇）.TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.

InEurope,peopleregardedChangnanporcelainassomethingpreciousanddelicateandwouldtakeprideinpossessingone.Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china”totheplaceofitsorigin.

Chapter2ChinesePhilosophyandReligion

Part1ChineseThoughtsandPhilosophy

WordsandExpressions:

Confucianism儒家

Taoism道家

TheAnalects《论语》

benevolence仁慈，善行

ritual礼制，仪式，惯例

filialpiety孝，孝心

TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy

ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先秦子学）

TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）

MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties（魏晋玄学）

ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties（隋唐佛学）

Neo-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties（宋明理学）

ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties（明清实学）

ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先秦子学）

ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.

ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism（儒家）,Taoism（道家）,Mohism（墨家）andLegalism（法家）

ConfucianismisaschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.ConfucianismhasinfluencedtheChineseforthousandsofyearsandisdeeplyrootedinChineseculture.Itisanintegrationofintellectual,political,andreligioustraditionwiththefocusontheindividualmoralityandethicsindailylifeandtheproperexerciseofpoliticalpower.

WhoisConfucius?

Familyname:

Kong;Givenname:

Qiu;courtesyname:

Zhongni

Heisagreatthinker,aneducator,astatesman,aphilosopher,thefounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfucianism.

ThelandmarkofConfucianismistheAnalects,whichwaswrittenbyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath.

ThecoreofConfucius’sphilosophyaretheconceptsof

Ren（benevolence）

Ren（仁）:

Confuciusdefinesitas“Airen”（爱人），thatis,toloveothers.

TheChinesecharacter“仁”（benevolence）consistsof“aperson（人）”ontheleftand“two

（二）”ontherightindicatingtherelationshipbetweenpeople.

Li（ritual）

Li（ritual-礼）referstotherulesofhumanconductandmoralnormssuchaspoliteness,courtesy,propriety,properetiquetteandgoodmannersrangingfromspeechandbehaviortotheperformanceofritualswhichareusuallycodifiedandtreatedasanall-embracingsystemofsocialnorms.

Xiao（filialpiety）

Xiao（孝）referstothefilialpiety,whichwasregardedasoneofthegreatestofvirtuesinChinesetradition,denotingtherespectandobediencethatthechildrenshouldshowtotheirparents.

Zhong（loyalty）

Zhong（loyalty-忠）isagreatvirtue,whichemphasizestheobligationsanddutiestothesuperior,tofriends,family,andspouse.

2.Taoism

FoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,theschooladvocatesthedoctrinethattheDaoisthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallofthemmustconform.

BasedontheworkofDaoDeJing,Taoismpromotesthebeliefthatapersonshouldliveasimplelife,nottostriveforwealth,fameorpower,whichwillonlygiveoneworriesandtrouble.

Theschoolfavoursthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action”（无为而治）

3.Mohism

BaseontheteachingofMozi,theschoolcherishesuniversallovewhichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewillbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.

Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismproposeshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism（宿命论）andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftiness（节俭）.

4.Legalism

Legalism,begunbyHanfeizi,espouses（主张）layingdownlawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence（富裕）,waging（进行）warstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy（官僚制度）.

TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）

IntheHanDynasty,EmperorWudiinstitutedthecampaignof“banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism（罢黜百家，独尊儒术）”.HechoseofficialsfromthosewhoweresteepedinConfucianismonly.Consequently,ConfucianismbecameanorthodoxschoolthatservedastheideologicalfoundationofthefeudalrulethroughoutthedynastiesinChina.

TraditionalChineseethics

TraditionalChineseethicsincludesbothgoodandbadelements.SomereflectthehighstandardofmoralpursuitoftheChinesepeople,whileothersseemlessrelevantinmodernsociety.Forexample,thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues（三从四德）andthethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues（三纲五常）havelongbeenabandonedbytheChinesepeople.

Thetraditionalidealofawomanisthatsheisadependantbeingwhosebehaviorisgovernedby“threeobediences”（tofatherbeforemarriage,tohusbandaftermarriage,andtosonafterbecomingawidow:

未嫁从父,既嫁从夫,夫死从子）andfour“virtues”（morality,properspeech,modestmanner,anddiligence:

品德、言语、仪态、女工）.

Thesewerethesocialnormsprescribedbyfeudalmorality.

Thethreebasicrules:

akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife（君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲）.

Thefiveconstantvirtues:

benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,andfidelity（仁、义、礼、智、信）.

Part2ReligionsandBeliefs

WordsandExpressions:

Heavenworship祭天

Ancestorworship祭祖

Confucianism儒教

TheConfucianTemple孔庙

Taoism道教

TheFiveElements五行

Buddhism佛教Buddha佛像，佛祖，佛陀

nirvana涅盘

Theheavenworshipwasthebureaucratic（官僚的）beliefsystemadoptedbymostdynastiesofChinauntiltheoverthrow（推翻）oftheQingDynasty.

Heavenwasbelievedtomanifestitselfthroughthepowersoftheweatherandnaturaldisasters.Heavenwasseenasajudgeofhumans.

TheemperorsareSonsofHeaven（天子）,andtheirpowerareauthorizedbyheaven.Suchbeliefsactuallyconsolidated（巩固）theauthorityoftheEmperor.

Ancestorworship

Chineseworshipofancestorsdatesbacktotheprehistory.Chineseculture,Confucianism,andChineseBuddhismallvaluefilialpietyasatopvirtue,andtheactisacontinueddisplayofpietyandrespecttowardsdepartedancestors.

儒教

Confucianismisnotarealreligion,itisjustanethical（伦理道德的）andphilosophicalsystem,whichdevelopedfrom?

Confucius’thoughtsandlaterwastreatedasakindofbelieftoeducatecommonpeople（教化大众）.

TheTaoistReligion

AGeneralIntroductionofTaoism

Taoismistheindigenous（土生土长的）religioninChina.

TheTaoistreligionevolvedoutofwitchcraft（巫术）,necromancy（方术）andself-cultivationtechniques.Itshighestbeliefiscalled“Dao”,itsbibleiscalled“DaoDeJing”.IthadgreatimpactonthethinkingoftheChinesepeople,aswellasonthepolitical,economicandculturallifeofthecountry.

Beliefs

Yin-yangTheory

Yin-yangareopposing,Yin-yangaremutuallyrooted,Yin-yangmutuallytransform,Yin-yangmutuallywaxandwane

TheFiveElements/Wuxing“五行”

Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:

TheGeneratingCycle

WoodfeedsFire;FirecreatesEarth;EarthbearsMetal;MetalcarriesWater;WaternourishesWood.

TheOvercomingCycle

WoodpartsEarth;EarthabsorbsWater;WaterquenchesFire;FiremeltsMetal;MetalchopsWood.

Buddhism

BuddhismisthemostimportantreligioninChina.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoChinain67ADduringtheHanDynasty（206BC-220）fromHotan（和田）inXinjiangtoCentralChina.DuringitsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofound（深远的）influenceontraditionalChinesecultureandthoughts,andhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChinaatthattime.

ItsDeityisSakyamuni（释迦牟尼）;

Itsdoctrineisbasedontransmigration（轮回）.

Whatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering?

Desire!

WhatdidtheBuddhateach?

ThedoctrineofFourNobleTruths（四谛）

⏹lifeissuffering,

⏹thecauseofsufferingisdesire,

⏹theansweristoquench（抑制）desire,

⏹thewaytothisendistofollowtheEight-FoldPath（八正道）.

WhatdoBuddhistsbelieve?

Nirvanaisapeaceful,detachedstateofmind.

AchievingNirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirth.

BuddhisminChinahasdevelopedintothreesections,namelytheHan,TibetanandSouthernBuddhism.

Chapter3ChineseCharacters,CalligraphyandPainting

WordsandExpressions:

ChineseCharacters汉字

calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家

Oraclebonescript甲骨文

TheregularScript楷书

文房四宝

brush毛笔inkstick墨inkstone砚台

recordsbytyingknots（结绳说）

EightDiagrams（八卦说）

Jiecreatedthecharacters（仓颉造字说）

TheevolutionofChinesecharactersfont（汉字的字体演变）

Oraclebonescript

Itreferstoincised（雕刻的）ancientChinesecharactersfoundonoraclebones,whichareanimalbonesorturtleshellsusedindivination（预言）inancientChina.

Bronzewarescript金文

Itreferstocharactersfoundengravedonbronzevessels,utensils,weaponsetc.

TheSealCharacters（篆书）

Softlinesofstrokesanduprightrectan