高中课文 高中英语必修5Word文档下载推荐.docx

高中课文 高中英语必修5Word文档下载推荐.docx

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JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”

JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon-sofamous,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriatoeasethebirthofherbabies.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscause,noritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtousehisknowledgetohelpsolvethisproblem.Heknewitwouldheverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.

Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheairwithoutreason.Acloudofdangerousgaswouldfloatarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseaseattackedthebodyquicklyandsoontheaffectedpersonwasdead.

Hebelievedinthesecondtheorybutneededtoprovehewascorrect.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,JohnSnowwasreadytotestthesetwotheories.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughthepoorneighbourhoods,JohnSnowbegantogathertheinformation.Hefoundthatintwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplehaddiedin10days.Hedeterminedtofindoutwhy.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Hereitis:

Themapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet（especiallynumbers16,37,38and40BroadStreet）.JohnSnowalsosawthatsomehouses（suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet）hadhadnodeaths.Hediscoveredthatthesefamiliesworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.TheyweregivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump.Itseemedthewaterwastoblame.

Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.Hefoundthatitcamefromtheriver,whichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.ImmediatelyJohnSnowtoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthewaterpumpsoitcouldnotbeused.Soonthediseasebegantoslowdown.

JohnSnowhadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.Inaddition,hefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewatersomuchthatshehadhaditdeliveredfromthepumptoherhouseeveryday,Bothsheandherdaughter,whooftenvisitedher,diedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.Withthisextraevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.

Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexaminedandnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaterbefound.Thewatercompanieswerealsoinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore,Finally“KingCholera”wasdefeated.

Readingandwriting

COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONARYTHEORY

NicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.AIthoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:

thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.

Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.

Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.

In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbyChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditashelaydyingin1543.

Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sideaandpeoplewhosupportedifwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicu’stheoryisnowthebaseonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGoodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.

Unit2TheUnitedKingdom

PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHY

Thereisnoneedtodebateanymorewhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethefourcountries:

England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucaneasilyclarifyandproblemsifyoustudyBritishhistory.

FirsttherewasEngland.WaleswaslinkedtoEnglandinthe13thcenturyAD.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.

GreatBritainwasthenamegivenwhenEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotland.Ithappenedin1603whenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell,Totheirsurprise,thethreecountriesfoundthemselvesunitedpeacefullyinsteadofbywar.However,justastheyweregoingtogetIrelandconnectedtoformtheUnitedKingdom,thesouthernpartofthatcountrybrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.

Althoughthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas（forexample,ininternationalrelations）theyarestillverydifferent.Forexample,NorthernIreland,EnglandandScotlandhavedevelopeddifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!

Englandisthelargestofthefourcountriesandforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreeones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlands,andtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.YoufindmostofthepopulationsettledintheSouth,butmostofthelargeindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsandNorthofEnglan.AithoughmanyofthecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina,theyhavefamousfootballteamsandsomeevenhavetwo.However,theseindustrialcitiesbuiltinthe19thcenturydonothavethehistoricalattractionsofotherplaces.ForthoseyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsfirstbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture.

ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthelstcenturyAD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.ButLondonhasbeeninfluencedonlybysomeinvadersofEngland.Thefirstinvaders,theRomans,lefttheirtownsandroads.Thesecond,theAnglo-Saxons,lefttheirlanguageandtheirgovernment.Thethid,theVikings,influencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorth,andthefourh,theNormans,leftcastlesandwordsforfood.IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountryside,youwillfindevidenceofalltheseinvaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomworthwhile!

Unit2TheUnitedKingdom

SIGHTSEEINGINLONDON

Worriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesitesshewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower,ItwasbuiltlongagobytheNormaninvadersofAD1066.Fancy!

Thissolidstone,squaretowerhadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildingshadexpandedaroundit,itremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.Tohergreatsurprise.ZhangPingyufoundtheQueen’sjewelsguardedrbyspecialroyalsoldierswho,onspecialoccasions,stillworethefourhundred-year-olduniformofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.

TherefollowedStPaul’sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondonin1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!

WestminsterAbbey,too,wasveryinteresting.Itcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters,suchasShakespeare.Thenjustasshecameoutoftheabbey,Pingyuheardthefamoussoundoftheclock,BigBen,ringingoutthehour.ShefinishedthedaybylookingattheoutsideofBuckinghampalace,theQueen’shouseinLondon.Oh,shehadsomuchtotellherfriends!

TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclockthatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisanimaginarylinedividingtheeasternandwesternhavlesoftheworldandisveryusefulfornavigation.ItpassesthroughGreenwich,soPingyuhadaphototakenstandingoneithersideoftheline.

ThelastdayshevisitedKarlMarx’sstatueinHighgateCemetery.Itseemedstrangethatthemanwhohaddevelopedcommunisms