寄托的同体Word下载.docx

寄托的同体Word下载.docx

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三、题目分析：

这道题目由两句话组成，所以可以归类为“1+1”类型的题目。

因此，对于这道题目的分析可以首先通过单独分析这两句话来找到破题点。

先看第一句：

Thestudyofhistoryplacestoomuchemphasisonindividuals.这一句里的关键词不是别的，正是加了下划线的“toomuch”。

对于这样一个表示程度的词，我们可以首先问自己一个问题：

历史研究中对于个人的重视程度是否过度了？

在这里，根据每个人对于这个问题的看法，有的会同意这种说法，而其他的可能会反对。

因此在第一句话中，首先出现了两种观点。

分析了第一句话，回答了第一个问题，让我们再来看第二句话：

Themostsignificanteventsandtrendsinhistoryweremadepossiblenotbythefamousfew,butbygroupsofpeoplewhoseidentitieshavelongbeenforgotten.对于出题者来说，第一句就相当于背景陈述，而他真正的观点是在这一句。

这是一个历史由谁来创造的问题。

我们仍然可以有一系列的问题来问自己：

（1）那些被遗忘的人民群众是否参与了创造历史的进程？

（2）如果参与了，他们的贡献有多大？

（3）如果参与了，他们在哪些方面的贡献比较突出？

（4）注意这句话中加了下划线的“mostsignificant”，如果人民群众参与了创造历史的进程，那么对于这些事关历史进程的最重大的事情上，他们的贡献程度又是如何呢？

对于人民群众这一方面，我们可以问这些问题；

同样，对于thefamousfew，我们也可以问这些问题。

而对于这些问题的回答，就可以构成文章的主干。

另外要提醒的一点是，“1+1”类型的题目虽然可以写的内容多，但是也正因为内容多了，各部分之间的衔接就显得格外重要。

例如这题，如何在写作中把两句话的内容紧密的联系在一起，也是文章能否得到高分的一个关键。

四、网友的讨论

以前版上很活跃、水平也很高的G猫同学曾经拿这道题目去请教她在美国的朋友。

虽然当时她问的问题主要是针对issue开头的写法问题，但是她朋友的回复中，也加入了对这道题的看法，所以贴上来，希望对大家能有所帮助。

原贴的连接：

...BG%C3%A8&

page=1。

G猫提的问题：

QUOTE:

NowIhavequestionaboutthebeginningoftheissue.Ifeelthatitisimpossibleformetowriteangoodbeginninginsuchashorttime.theremaybetwochoices.oneistoprepareatemplate,whichisfullofjunkwords;

theotheristhesimplestbeginning,juststatemythemewithverysimplewords（seemsveryugly）.

Igiveyoutwoexamples:

（1）template:

Inamodernsociety,peoplealwaysfacethedilemmatochoosewhetherAA

AorBBB.Thisproblemisthemuchdebatedoneinthatitaffectsevery

bodyintheirdailylives.Peoplemaypreferonetoanotheralthoughso

memayhavenoopinionsaboutitatall.Beforerenderingmyopinion,I

thinkitisnecessarytotakeaglanceattheargumentsofbothsides.

（2）theverysimplebeginning:

Inthehistorystudy,placingmuchemphasisonindividualsisnecessaryandnowthisemphasisisnottoomuch.Inaddition,thestudyofhistorydoesnotforgettheroleofgroupsofpeopleinthesignificanthistoricaleventsandtends.

回复：

Ithinkthetemplateisbetterthanthetheme.Ithinkthatthereviewbooksrecommendthatyou[donotrewritethequestionstatementinyourintroduction对，这就是版主们一直强调的不要restate开头].Theproblemwiththetemplateintroduction,however,isthatitwillforceyoutopresentbothsidesoftheargument.Ithinkthatthisis[notnecessary,对,没有必要两方面都说呀],andyourscorewilldependonlyonhowwellyoupresentonesingleopinion.Soforexample,ifthestatementis"

Thestudyofhistoryplacestoomuchemphasisonindividuals.Themostsignificanteventsandtrendsinhistoryweremadepossiblenotbythefamousfew,butbygroupsofpeoplewhoseidentitieshavelongbeenforgotten,"

[下面是构思的方法,大家可以参考,我觉得很有用]firstthinkoftheviewpointyouwillwriteabout.Itdoesnotreallymatterwhetheryouagreeordisagreewiththestatement,buthowwellyouargueyouropinion.SousuallyIwilltakeabout2-3minutestothinkaboutwhichopinionIcanthinkofmoreargumentsandIwillwritethemdown.Forexample:

Emphasisofindividualsgood:

--easierforstudentstorememberhistory

--allowsstudentstoappreciatespecificcharactersandusethemasrolemodels

--educatesstudentsonimportantprominentfiguresinpoliticsandhistory

Emphasisofindividualsnegative:

--doesnotacknowledgegroupsofindividualswhowereequallyimportant

--ignorestheimportanceofsociety'

sinfluences

--doesnotacknowledgethefullextentofdifficultyandconflictthatoccurred

Inthiscase,Ithinkthatmyargumentsforagreeingwiththestatementthatemphasisonindvidualsisnegativearebetter.So,Imaywriteanintroductionthatacknowledgestheotherviewpoint,butmostlyintroducesmyownopinion.Forexample:

"

Astheauthorofthestatementindicates,thestudyofhistoryofteninvolvesemphasizingtheachievementsofspecificindividualswhowereimportanttospecifichistoricalmovementsorevents. 

Pointingoutspecificindividualscanbeapositivetoolineducatingstudentsinhistory. 

Centralfiguresinhistoryhelpstudentstorememberspecificevents.Inaddition,theygivestudentsspecificfiguresthatcanbeemulatedasrolemodels.Evenso,however,Iagreewiththeauthorofthestatementthatthereistoomuchemphasisonindividualsandthatgroupsofpeoplewhoareequallyimportantareforgotten. 

Forexample,AbrahamLincolnisoftenmemorializedasthecentralfigureintheCivilWarandtheemancipationofAmericanslaves.EmphasizingLincolnasacentralfigureinthislargemovementfailstoacknowledgetheactionsofthousandsofotherindividuals,includingtheslavesthemselvesthatwasintegralintheCivilWarInaddition,placingemphasisonasingleindividualmaycausestudentstoignoretheimportanceofthehistoryitself.TheymayrememberLincolnandhisname,butfailtounderstandthegravityoftheslavesituationthatoccurredatthattime."

[这种开头我在argument的6分范文里有看到过，觉得这种开头显得很有逻辑,而且接下来的文章层次也会很清晰.不过这段开头的长度赶的上body了.不过大家可以发现,她在开头部分已经部分展开了,对于我们来说,我觉得这种开头的思想可以借鉴,也是容易学习的,不过没必要像她一样在开头就对观点进行一定程度的展开,这个至少对我来说很难,本来就没多少例子好举,都放开头了,body干脆没话说了,要么就是说来说去都是重复.

说到这里,她这种举例的方式我们可以在body里借鉴.就是怎么让一个general,vague的观点具体化,并且focuson你的观点.举例说来,从individual具体到Lincoln,从groupofpeople具体到slaves,centralfigure对应toomuchemphasis,而forgotten对应failtoacknowledge,没有一句多余的话——这就是逻辑.

希望对大家能有帮助：

）]

Thiskindofintroductionmayseemdifficulttowrite,butasyoucansee,IsimplytooktheshortnotesIwroteabouteachopinionandsummarizedthemintoanintroductionparagraph.Inaddition,Iusedaspecificexampletoillustratetheargumentofmyessay.Ithinkifyoupracticethiskindofintroduction,itwillbecomeveryeasyveryquickly.

五、相关素材

Canindividualschangehistory?

MOSTHISTORYbookstreathistoricalchangeastheaccomplishmentofgreatmen（andanoccasionalwoman）.Accordingtothisview,themoversandshakersinhistoryaretheNapoleons,LincolnsandFDRsoftheworld.

Thisviewisalsoappliedtorevolutions.GeorgeWashington,Robespierre,Leninthesemenshapedhistory,andtheactionsofthemassesofpeopleintheserevolutionsweremerelyeventsscriptedbytheirleaders.

TheonlydifferencebetweenthetreatmentofWashingtonandLeninasgreatmenisthatWashington,asaleaderoftheAmericanRevolution,getsaplussigninfrontofhisname,whereasLenin,aleaderofaworking-classrevolution,getsaminussign.

Theopposite,thoughlesspopular,viewisthathistoryfollowsapathwhichnoindividualcaninfluence--"

greatmen"

aremerelyagentsforitsrealization.Accordingtothisview,individualsandtheiractionsarepurelyproductsofhistoricalconditions.

HadtherebeennoNapoleonBonaparte,anotherfigurewouldhaveplayedthesamerole,becausehistoricalconditionsintheperiodoftheearly18thcenturydemandeda"

Napoleon."

Wecannotmakehistory,"

wroteBismarck,takingthistoitsextreme."

Wemustwaitwhileitisbeingmade."

Thefirstviewservesasanideologicaljustificationfortherulebyaminority--"

great"

kings,presidentsandleadershavespecialqualitiesthatgivethemtheabilitytorulewhereastherestofthe"

herd"

mustfollow.Butthesecondviewcanalsoserveasameanstojustifybrutalexploitationandsuffering.Howcanyoufaultarulerwhoseactionsarehistoricallydeterminedandthereforebeyondhiscontrol?

Bothoftheseideasaremistaken,thoughtheycontainelementsoftruth.Thereare,forexample,afewcaseswheredifferentscientistsworkingindependentlyofeachothermadethesamediscovery--historicalconditionswereripeforit.

Individualsdoindeedmakehistory.Buttheycannotinfluencesocietyorhistoryinanydirectiontheysochoose.Individualscannotexerttheirwillindependentlyofthesocialconditionsinwhichtheyfindthemselves."

Individualscaninfluencethefateofsociety,"

wrotetheRussianMarxistGeorgePlekhanov,"

byvirtueofdefinitetraitsintheirnature.Theirinfluenceissometimesveryconsiderable,butthepossibilityofitsbeingexercisedanditsextentaredeterminedbysociety’sorganizationandthealignmentofitsforces.

Anindividual’scharacterisa‘factor’insocialdevelopment,"

concludesPlekhanov,"

onlywhere,whenandtotheextentthatsocialrelationspermitittobe."

Manyexamplescometomind.Itmay,forexample,havebeenpossibleforaphilosopherinancientGreecetodreamofcircumnavigatingtheglobe,butthetechnologyandknowledgeforsuchavoyagedidnotexistuntilthe15thcentury.

AnearlyChristianmayhavedreamedofasocietyfreeofexploitationwherewealthisshared,butonlywiththedevelopmentofmoderncapitalismhavethematerialconditionsbeencreatedwhichmakesuchaworldpossible.

Forideasexpressedbygroupsorindividualstobecomeamaterialforcethatcanaffecttheoutcomeofhistory,therefore,theremustbeboththeobjectiveconditionsandthesubjectiveconditions.Toputitcrudely:

ifthereisnotenoughfoodtogoaround,thenmydreamoffeedingeveryoneisnotrealizable.Butifthereisenoughfoodtogoaround--andcapitalistproductionhasnowmadethatareality--therestillmustbethesubjectiveconditionstomakeaworldfreeofhungerpossible.

Theremustbealevelofconsciousnessandorganizationamongasufficientnumberofpeopletotransformsocialrelationsandcreateanewsystemofproductionanddistribution.Inthissc