英语六级真题Word文档下载推荐.docx

英语六级真题Word文档下载推荐.docx

《英语六级真题Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语六级真题Word文档下载推荐.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

年份与出境旅游人数：

1995　　2000　　2005

1万人　　近4万　12万以上

NumberofpeopleinCityXtravelingabroadin1995,2000and2005

1。

近十年来某城市越来越多人选择出去旅游

2。

出现这种现象的原因

3。

这种现象可能产生的影响

TravelingAbroad

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）minutes:

15

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestiononAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions5---10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TimeintheAnimalMind

Humansareborntimetravelers.Wemaynotbeabletosendourbodiesintothepastorthefuture,atleastnotyet,butwecansendourminds.Wecanreliveeventsthathappenedlongagoorenvisionourselvesinthefuture.Newstudiessuggestthatthetwodirectionsoftemporaltravelareintimatelyentwinedinthehumanbrain.Butsomeexpertsonanimalbehaviordonotthinkweareuniqueinthisrespect.Theypointtoseveralrecentexperimentssuggestingthatanimalscanvisitthepastandfutureaswell.

Thefirstcluesaboutthetwistsandturnsofmentaltimetravelcamefrompeoplewithcertainbraininjuriesthatcausedthemtoforgetautobiographicaldetailswithoutforgettingtheinformationtheyhadpickedupalongtheway.AmanknowninthescientificliteratureasK.C.,forinstance,couldplaychesswithnomemoryofhavingeverplayedit.K.C.couldremembersentencespsychologiststaughthimwithoutanymemoryofthelessons.K.C.hadlostwhatpsychologistsnowcallepisodicmemory.EndelTulving,aCanadianpsychologist,definedepisodicmemoryastheabilitytorecallthedetailsofpersonalexperiences:

whathappened,whereithappened,whenithappenedandsoon.Dr.Tulvingarguedthatepisodicmemorywasdistinctfromotherkindsofmemorythatdidnotinvolvepersonalexperience.Peoplecanrememberhowtogettoasubwaystop,forexample,withoutrecallingthefirsttimetheywerethere.

Episodicmemorywasalsouniquetoourspecies,Dr.Tulvingmaintained.Foronething,hearguedthatepisodicmemoryrequiredself-awareness.Youcan’trememberyourselfifyoudon’tknowyouexist.Healsoarguedthattherewasnoevidenceanimalscouldrecollectexperiences,evenifthoseexperiencesleftanimpressiononthem.

ManyanimalbehaviorexpertsagreedwithDr.Tulving,eventhoughtheyhadnotactuallyrunexperimentstestingtheidea.ButwhenNicolaClayton,acomparativepsychology,firstheardabouttheclaim,shehadadifferentreaction.Dr.Claytonbegantotestwesternscrubjays（灌丛鸦）toseeiftheymetanyofthecriteriaforepisodicmemory.Thejayscanhideseveralthousandpiecesoffoodeachyearandrememberthelocationofeachone.Dr.Claytonwonderedifscrubjayssimplyrememberedlocations,oriftheyrememberedtheexperienceofhidingthefood.Sherananexperimentusingtwokindsoffood:

mothlarvae（幼虫）andpeanuts.Scrubjayspreferlarvaetopeanutswhilethelarvaearestillfresh.Whenthelarvaearedeadforafewhours,thejayspreferpeanuts.Dr.Claytongavethebirdsachancetohidebothkindsoffoodandthenputtheminanothercage.Shelaterreturnedthebirdstotheircaches,insomecasesafterfourhoursandinothercasesafterfivedays.Thetimethescrubjaysspentawayfromtheircacheshadabigeffectonthetypeoffoodtheylookedfor.Thebirdsthatwaitedfourhourstendedtodiguplarvae,andthebirdsthathadtowaitforfivedayspassedthelarvaebyandduguppeanutsinstead.

In1998,Dr.Claytonandhercolleaguespublishedtheresultsoftheirexperiment,declaringthatscrubjaysmetthestandardsfor“episodic-like”memory.OtherscientistshavefollowedDr.Clayton’sleadandhavesearchedforsignsofepisodic-likememoryinotheranimals.Whenratsareexploringamaze,forexample,theyseemtobeabletorecallwhichkindsoffoodtheyencounteredalongtheway.Hummingbirds（蜂鸟）seemtorememberwhereandwhentheyvisitedindividualflowersfornectar.Rhesusmonkeys（恒河猴）canrememberwheretheyputfood,butnothowlongagotheyputitthere.

Someresearchershavenotbeenpersuadedbythesestudies,however.“Animalsseemtobelivingverymuchinthepresent,”saidThomasSuddendorf,acomparativepsychologistattheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia.Dr.Suddendorfarguesthatascrubjaycouldremembertypeoffoodalongwiththelocationofacachewithouthavingasenseormemoryofself.“Informationisnotreallywhatcharacterizesmentaltimetravel,”Dr.Suddendorfsaid.“Iknowthatin1967inSwedenmymomgavebirthtome,butthatdoesn’tmeanIcantravelbacktothattimeandexperiencethatevent.”

Episodicmemoryalsodependsonmanyotherfacultiesthathaveonlybeenclearlydocumentedinthehumanmind,Dr.Suddendorfargues.Hesaidhebelievesitevolvedafterourancestorsbranchedofffromotherapes.Theadvantagelaynotinknowingthepast,however,butinproviding“anadvantageforpredictingthefuture,”hesaid.RecentbrainscanningstudiessupportDr.Suddendorf’slinkbetweenthepastandfuture.DanielSchacter,apsychologist,andhiscolleaguesatHarvardUniversityrecentlystudiedhowbrainsfunctionaspeoplethinkaboutpastexperiencesandimaginefutureones.Constructinganepisodicmemorycausesadistinctivenetworkofbrainregionstobecomeactive.Asapersonthenaddsdetailstothememory,thenetworkchanges,assomeregionsquietdownandothersfireup.Theresearchersthenhadtheirsubjectsthinkaboutthemselvesinthefuture.Manypartsoftheepisodicmemorynetworkbecameactiveagain.

Dr.Suddendorfarguesthattheseoverlappingnetworksformentaltimetravelevolvedatleast1.6millionyearsago.Hepointstostonetoolshominidsmadeatthattime.Paleoanthropologists（古人类学家）havedeterminedthatthetoolsweremovedmanymilesfromwheretheyweremade.“Ifyou’vejusteaten,theonlyreasonyou’regoingtotakeatoolwithyouisifyouanticipateusingitinthefuture,”hesaid.

Dr.Suddendorfhasrousedcomparativepsychologiststoaction—“likearedragtoabull,”asonecomparativepsychologist,SaraShettleworthoftheUniversityofToronto,putit.Theyhavebeenlookingforevidencethatanimalscanalsoplanforthefuture.“Wetestedsquirrelmonkeystoseeiftheycouldanticipatethefuture,andtooursurpriseitlooksliketheycould,”saidDr.WilliamRoberts,acomparativepsychologistattheUniversityofWesternOntario.Heandhiscolleaguesranatestinwhichtheyofferedsquirrelmonkeysachoicebetweenonepieceofdate（海枣）orfour.Notsurprisingly,themonkeystookfour.Butthescientiststhenbegantotakeawaywaterfromthemonkeysbeforetheyofferedthechoice.Ifthemonkeystookfourpieces,thescientistskeptthewaterawayforthreehours.Ifthemonkeystookone,thescientistsreturnedthewaterinhalfanhour.Themonkeyslearnedtochooseonedate.Eventhoughtheywerenotthirstyatthetime,theyanticipatedbecomingthirstyinthefuture.

Dr.Claytonrecentlytestedherscrubjaysforforesight.Sheandhercolleaguesputthebirdsinthreeadjoiningcompartmentsforsixdays.Eachmorningthebirdswereshutfortwohoursinoneoftworooms.Inoneroomtheygotnothingtoeat.Intheotherroom,theygotpowderedpinenutsFortherestoftheday,eachbirdcouldmovearoundallthreeroomsandenjoymorepowderednuts.Ontheseventhday,thescientistsswitchedthepowderedpinenutswithrealones.“IfI’mabird,whatIcoulddoistakesomeoftheprovisionsandhideitintheresothatifIdowakeupthereinthemorning,Icangetmyownbreakfast,”Dr.Claytonsaid.Dr.Claytonfoundthatthebirdsputoverthreetimesmorepinenutsintheno-breakfastroomthaninthebreakfastroom.Shearguesthattheresultsmeanthatbirdscantakeactionfortheirfutureneeds,knowingwhatthey’llneedandwherethey’llneedit.

Otherexpertsonanimalbehaviorsaythatthestudyiscompelling.EvenDr.Suddendorf,whohasbeensocriticalofpreviousstudies,isintriguedbyDr.Clayton’sresults.Hesaidhewondershowlongthebirdscanplanahead:

“Cantheydothisforaneventnextweekornextmonthlikehumanscan?

Isitlimitedtocaching,tojustfood?

”

1.K.C.couldrecallsomesentenceswithoutrememberinghehadtakensuchlessonsbecausehelearnedthembyhimself.

2.Becausebeingawareofself-existenceisthepremiseofepisodicmemory,onlyhumanbeingshavesuchkindofmemory.

3.Ifmothlarvaearedeadforfivedays,scrubjayswillnottouchupontheminanycase.

4.SomescientistsagreedwithClayton'

sclaimandfoundmoreevidencestosupportit.

5.AccordingtoThomasSuddendorf,knowingsomeeventshappenedinthepastdoesn'

t_______episodicmemory.

6.Theadvantageofhavingepisodicmemoryliesinthatitcan____.

7.Theexamplethatprimitivepeoplecarriedstonetoolswiththemindicateshumanepisodicmemory______.

8.InordertoargueagainstDr.Suddendorf,somecomparativepsychologistshavebeenconductingexperimentstoproveanimalscan_____.

9.InWilliamRoberts'

experiment,monkeyslearnedtotakeonedatebecausetheyforesawtheywouldbe____inthefuture.

10.TheresultofClayton'

srecenttestthatbirdshidmorepinenutsinthenon-breakfastcompartmentindicatestheyhave_____.

PartIIIListeningComprehension（20minutes）

SectionA

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversations