热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版.docx

热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版.docx

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热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版

NarrativeDiscourse

ByGerardGenettePbedin1980

Narratologydenotesboththetheoryandthestudyofnarrativeandnarrativestructureandthewaysthattheseaffectourperception.Asamatteroffact,thiswordisananglicisationofFrenchwordnarratologie,coinedbyTzvetanTodorov（GrammaireduDécaméron,1969）.Sincethe1960’s,thecontemporarynarrativetheoryhasbeenrapidlydevelopingtowardsmaturity,inwhichFrenchstructuralistcriticGerardGenetteplaysapivotalrole.Onthebasisofabsorbingtheothers’researchresults,heconstructshisownnarrativetheory,whoseoriginmainlyincludesSaussureLinguistics,Structuralism,RussianFormalism,andNewCriticism.

Russianformalistsarguethattheliterarycharacteristicisnotwhattowritebuthowtowrite.Literarynarrativemainlyincludes“sjuzhet”（plot）and“fabula”（usuallyreferstostory.Fabulaandsjuzhet（alsosyuzhet,sujet,sjužet,orsuzet）aretermsoriginatinginRussianFormalismandemployedinnarratologythatdescribenarrativeconstruction.Sjuzhetisanemploymentofnarrativeandfabulaistheorderofretellingevents.TheywerefirstusedinthissensebyVladimirProppandShklovsky.）.Andtheplotdeterminesthestory.Onthebasisofthisformalistconcept,ProppplacesemphasisonformandstructureofworksinhisMorphologyoftheFolktale（1928）.Butheonlytakesnoteofthesyntacticrelationshipofthesurfaceofthestory.LaterGremas,LeviStrauss,andFrenchnarratologistBremondcarryoutaseriesofcomprehensiveresearchesontherelationshipbetweenthesurfaceanddeepstructuresofthestory,andsumupawidevarietyofgrammaticalpatternsofthestory.Thoughlargeandvague,thesenarrativestructuremodelsprovideagreatreferenceforGenette.NewCriticismrepresentativesBrooksandWarrencollaborateonUnderstandingFiction（1979）,putforwardthequestionof“whospeaks”,andhencedrawforththeconceptof“focusofnarration”,whichlaysasolidfoundationforGenette’s"focalization"theory.Moreover,asfarasthestudyofthenarrativeformula,itisobviousthatGenetteisinfluencedbyWayneBooth'sTheRhetoricofFiction（1983）.However,intermsofthenarrativeform,BoothhasasimilarviewtoNewCritics.

Acceptingandabsorbingtheabove-mentionedscholars’advantagesandstrengths,GenettepublishedNarrativeDiscoursein1972,whichmakesMarcelProust’sInsearchofLostTimetheresearchobjectandproposeshisownuniquenarrativeoutlook.Inthebook,atfirstheindicatesthatnarrativecontainsthreedistinctnotions,namely,narrative,storyandnarrating,andfurtherdistinguishesthem.Narrativereferstonarrativediscourse,whichmeans“thenarrativestatement,theoralorwrittendiscoursethatundertakestotellofaneventoraseriesofevents”（Genette,1980:

25）.Storymeansaneventoraseriesofeventstoldinnarrativediscourse,realoffictitious.Narratingistheactofsomeonerecountingsomething.Toanalyzingnarrativediscourseis,essentially,tostudytherelationshipbetweennarrativeandstory,betweennarrativeandnarrating,andbetweenstoryandnarrating.

ExcludingIntroductionandAfterword,NarrativeDiscourseisdividedintofivechapters,whichareOrder,Frequency,Duration,Mood,andVoiceinturn.Inthefivechapters,GenetteatlengthanalyzestheartistictechniquesofInsearchofLostTime,andhencesummarizesandestablishesasetofhisownnarratology.GenetteincorporatesFrenchstructuralistnarrativetheories,constructsrathercomprehensiveandsystematicnarrativetheory,andthuslaysasolidfoundationforcontemporarynarratology.ItisundertheinfluenceofhisnarrativediscoursethatmanysubsequentscholarsandexpertssuchasMiedeBal,GeraldPrince,andRimmon-Kenanfurtherexploreanddeeplydigthenarrativetheories.Thesescholarsspeakhighlyofhisnarrativediscourse,andinthemeantimeputforwardsomedoubtsandchallenges,inviewofwhichGenettealsopublishedNouveaudiscoursdurécit（newnarrativediscourse）in1983asaresponse.Inthisnewnarrativediscourse,hediscussessuchquestionsastheclassificationofperson,theapplicationofthepresenttense,theinterrelationbetweenmoodandvoice,andfocalization,andconsequentlyinterpretsandperfectshisnarrativetheory.

Inshort,Genettepresentsalotofconceptswhichhasbecomethestandardtermsofclassicinthenarrativefield.Besides,thepublicationofhisNarrativeDiscoursehasarousedstrongreactionandsensationintheliterarytheorycircle.Accordingtohisnarrativetheory,manyanalyzeandinterpretthespecificworksandbeargreatfruit.

ChapterOneorder

Timeisthoughtofasauni-directionalandirreversibleflow,asortofone-waystreet,justasHeraclitussaidearlyinwesternhistory:

“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver,forotherwatersandyetotherwatersg