考研英语真题附答案解析文档格式.docx
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thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7
—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8
.
Isthereanadaptivevalueto9
intelligence?
That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10
atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11
ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12
themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13
onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14
isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15
animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16
thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17
notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.
18
theywouldhopetostudya19
question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
20
theresultsareinconclusive.
1.[A]Suppose
[B]Consider
[C]Observe
[D]Imagine
2.[A]tended
[B]feared[C]happened
[D]threatened
3.[A]thinner
[B]stabler
[C]lighter
[D]dimmer
4.[A]tendency
[B]advantage
[C]inclination
[D]priority
5.[A]insistson
[B]sumsup
[C]turnsout
[D]putsforward
6.[A]off
[B]behind
[C]over
[D]along
7.[A]incredible
[B]spontaneous
[C]inevitable
[D]gradual
8.[A]fight
[B]doubt
[C]stop
[D]think
9.[A]invisible
[B]limited
[C]indefinite
[D]different
10.[A]upward
[B]forward
[C]afterward
[D]backward
11.[A]features
[B]influences
[C]results
[D]costs
12.[A]outside
[B]on
[C]by
[D]across
13.[A]deliver
[B]carry
[C]
perform
[D]apply
14.[A]bychance
[B]incontrast
[C]asusual
[D]forinstance
15.[A]if
[B]unless
[C]as
[D]lest
16.[A]moderate
[B]overcome
[C]determine
[D]reach
17.[A]at
[B]for
[C]after
[D]with
18.[A]Aboveall
[B]Afterall
[C]However
[D]Otherwise
19.[A]fundamental
[B]comprehensive
[C]equivalent
[D]hostile
20.[A]Byaccident
[B]Intime
[C]Sofar
[D]Betterstillb5E2RGbCAP
SectionII
ReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points>
Text1p1EanqFDPw
Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.
Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.
Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits。
oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’
”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively>
andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing
A.casual
B.familiar
C.mechanical
D.changeable.
22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe
A.predicted
B.regulated
C.traced
D.guided
23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3>
hasclosestmeaningto
A.tracks
B.series
C.characteristics
D.connections
24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting
?
A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
B,nolongeremphasizescommonness
C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat
A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
B.innovativenesscouldbetaught
C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D.curiosityactivatescreativemindsDXDiTa9E3d
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly>
wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK>
athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.
AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.
[A]easyavailability
[B]flexibilityinpricing
[C]successfulpromotion
[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTKisusedto__________.
[A]locateone’sbirthplace
[B]promotegeneticresearch
[C]identifyparent-childkinship
[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.
[A]tracedistantancestors
[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines
[C]fullyusegeneticinformation
[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.
[A]disorganizeddatacollection
[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding
30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.
[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting
[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems
[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab
[D]liesbehindDNAtestingRTCrpUDGiT
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentofthese