考研英语真题附答案解析文档格式.docx

考研英语真题附答案解析文档格式.docx

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thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7 

—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8 

. 

Isthereanadaptivevalueto9 

intelligence?

That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10 

atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11 

ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12 

themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet. 

Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13 

onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14 

isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15 

animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16 

thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17 

notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis. 

18 

theywouldhopetostudya19 

question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

20 

theresultsareinconclusive.

1.[A]Suppose 

[B]Consider 

[C]Observe 

[D]Imagine

2.[A]tended 

[B]feared[C]happened 

[D]threatened

3.[A]thinner 

[B]stabler 

[C]lighter 

[D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency 

[B]advantage 

[C]inclination 

[D]priority

5.[A]insistson 

[B]sumsup 

[C]turnsout 

[D]putsforward

6.[A]off 

[B]behind 

[C]over 

[D]along

7.[A]incredible 

[B]spontaneous 

[C]inevitable 

[D]gradual

8.[A]fight 

[B]doubt 

[C]stop 

[D]think

9.[A]invisible 

[B]limited 

[C]indefinite 

[D]different

10.[A]upward 

[B]forward 

[C]afterward 

[D]backward

11.[A]features 

[B]influences 

[C]results 

[D]costs

12.[A]outside 

[B]on 

[C]by 

[D]across

13.[A]deliver 

[B]carry 

[C] 

perform 

[D]apply

14.[A]bychance 

[B]incontrast 

[C]asusual 

[D]forinstance

15.[A]if 

[B]unless 

[C]as 

[D]lest

16.[A]moderate 

[B]overcome 

[C]determine 

[D]reach

17.[A]at 

[B]for 

[C]after 

[D]with

18.[A]Aboveall 

[B]Afterall 

[C]However 

[D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental 

[B]comprehensive 

[C]equivalent 

[D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident 

[B]Intime 

[C]Sofar 

[D]Betterstillb5E2RGbCAP

SectionII 

ReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points>

Text1p1EanqFDPw

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits。

oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’ 

”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively>

andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing 

A.casual 

B.familiar 

C.mechanical 

D.changeable.

22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe 

A.predicted 

B.regulated 

C.traced 

D.guided

23.”ruts”（inlineone,paragraph3>

hasclosestmeaningto 

A.tracks 

B.series 

C.characteristics 

D.connections

24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting 

?

A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed

B,nolongeremphasizescommonness

C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat

A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind

B.innovativenesscouldbetaught

C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas

D.curiosityactivatescreativemindsDXDiTa9E3d

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly>

wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK>

athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting. 

AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.

[A]easyavailability

[B]flexibilityinpricing 

[C]successfulpromotion

[D]popularitywithhouseholds

27.PTKisusedto__________.

[A]locateone’sbirthplace

[B]promotegeneticresearch

[C]identifyparent-childkinship

[D]choosechildrenforadoption

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.

[A]tracedistantancestors

[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation

[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.

[A]disorganizeddatacollection 

[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.

[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting

[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems

[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab

[D]liesbehindDNAtestingRTCrpUDGiT

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentofthese