Chapter 2 The tourism systemWord下载.docx

Chapter 2 The tourism systemWord下载.docx

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Asystematicapproachtotourism

1periods

Thetourist

Originregion,transitregionanddestination

Distributionoftourismsectors

Teachingprocedure

2.1Introduction

Thischapterintroducestheconceptofthetourismsystemanddiscussesitskeycomponentsinanintroductoryway,establishingthebasisforamorethoroughanalysisinsubsequentchapters.

2.2Asystematicapproachtotourism

Asystemcanbedefinedasagroupofinterrelated,interdependent,andinteractingelementsthattogetherformasinglefunctionalstructure.

2.2.1Thebasicwholetourismsystem

Initssimplestform,fiveinterdependentcoreelementsmustbepresent:

✓atleastonetourist

✓atleastonetouristgeneratingregion

✓atleastonetouristrouteregion

✓atleastonetouristdestination

✓atravelandtouristindustry

■Figure2.1Abasictourismsystem

Additionally,thereareanynumbersofenvironments,externalsystemandtheinternalstructureofthetourismsystem.

Externalsystem（sociocultural,economicpolitical,political,physical,andsoon.）:

A:

Touristconstitutestheprimaryflowofenergywithinthissystem,includingtheoilindustry,agriculture,andgovernment,tonamejustafew.

B:

Theexternalfactorscanhaveacrucialeffectontheformationoftourismsystems（e.g.:

impermeablebordersituation）.

C:

Tourismsystemcanalsoinfluencetheseexternalenvironments.（e.g.:

destination’seconomy）

Internalsystem:

multipledestinationsandtransitregion,andextensivetravelwithinthosedestinationregions.

thetourismstakeholdersinthesystem

ahyperdynamicstructurethatisinaconstantstateofflux（tourist,accommodation,transportation）

2.3Thetourist

Thedefinitionoftourismisentirelydependentonthedefinitionofthetourism.Everytouristmustsimultaneouslymeetcertainspatial,temporal,andpurposivecriteria.

2.3.1Spatialcomponent

Thetravelmustoccuroutsideoftheindividual’s‘usualenvironment’.—WTO

Domesticandinternationaltourism

●domestictourist

Ifaqualifyingtravelexperienceoccurswithinaperson’susualcountryofresidence,thenthatindividualwouldbeclassifiedasadomestictourist.

●internationaltourist

Iftheexperienceoccursoutsideoftheusualcountryofresidence,thenthatpersonwouldbeclassifiedasaninternationaltourist.

Theborderisthethresholdthatseparatestheperson’susualenvironmentfromotherspace,nomatterwhatitsdistancefromtheirhome.

Questions:

WhichismoreimportantforChina’stourismindustry?

Domestictouristsfaroutnumberinternationaltouristsataglobalscaleandwithinmostcountries.

Relativelylittleisknownaboutdomestictouristscomparedwiththeirinternationalcounterparts,despitetheirmagnitudeandeconomicimportance.

Whenthetourismsystemincorporatesgeopoliticalentitiesthatarenotpartofafullyfledgedcountry,thedistinctionisnotentirelyclear.

Outboundandinboundtourists

●outboundtourist（thoseleavingtheirusualcountryofresidence）

●inboundtourist（thosearrivinginacountrydifferentfromtheirusualcountryofresidence.）

Anyinternationaltouristisbothinboundandoutboundatthesametime,withthedistinctionbeingbasedonwhethertheclassificationisbeingmadefromtheperspectiveofthecountyoforiginorthecountryofdestination.

Thecumulativenumberofinboundtripswillalwaysexceedthetotalnumberofoutboundtripsataglobalscale,sinceoneoutboundtripmusttranslateintoatleast,butpossiblymorethan,oneinboundtrip.

2.3.2Temporalcomponent

AWTOthresholdthatsetsalimitofoneyearasthemaximumamountoftimethataninboundtouristcanremaininthecountryandstillbeconsideredatourist.Fordomestictouristthisthresholdisnormallyreducedtosixmouths.

Stayoverandexcursionists

◆stayover:

Thetourist（domesticandinternational）remainsinthedestinationforatleastonenight.

◆excursionists:

Thetripdoesnotincorporateatleastoneovernightstay,andthenthetermexcursionistiscommonlyemployed.

Excursion-basedtourismisdominatedbytwomaintypeofactivity.

Cruiseshipexcursionists（e.g.:

CaribbeanandMediterranean）

Cross-bordershoppers（e.g.:

CanadaandUS）

2.3.3Travelpurpose

◆leisure/recreation

Itaccountsforthelargestsingleshareoftouristactivityatagloballevel,includesvacation,pleasureandholiday.

◆visitingfriendsandrelatives

Itisthesecondmostimportantpurposefortourism.Thedestinationdecisionisnormallypredeterminedbytheplaceofresidenceofaperson’sfriendsandrelatives.

◆business

Itisaformoftourismonlyifthetravelerisnotpaidfromasourcebasedinthedestination,includingconsulting,sales,operations,managementandmaintenance.Thelargestcategorybyfarinvolvesmeetings,incentivetravel,conventionsandexhibitions,allofwhicharecombinedintheacronymMICE.

◆sport

A.Sport-relatedtourisminvolvesthetravelofathletes,trainersandothersassociatedwithcompetitionsandtraining.

B.Largenumbersofparticipantsgenerateanenormousamountoftourism-relatedandother‘spin-off’effects.（e.g.:

the2000SydneyOlympics）

C.Itbenefitstoareasfarbeyondtheactualvenue,andlongbeforetheyareactuallyheld.

◆spiritualandhealth

Travelforreligiouspurposeandhealthpurposeincludingvisittospas,medicaltreatmentwhichisoftenblurredwithpleasure/leisuremotivations.

◆study

Studentshaveaverylargerelativeimpactonthehostcountriesbecauseoftheprolongednatureoftheirstayandthelargeexpenditures,includingtuition,thataremadeduringtheseperiodsofstudy.

◆Multipurposetourism

2.3.4Majortouristcategories

Fourmajortypesoftourist

Ø

Internationalstayoversaretouristswhoremaininadestinationoutsidetheirusualcountryofresidenceforatleastonenight.

Internationalexcursionistsremaininsuchalocationwithoutexperiencingatleastoneovernightstay.

Domesticstayoversstayforatleastonenightinadestinationthatiswithintheirownusualcountryofresidence,butoutsideofa‘usualenvironment’thatisoftendefinedbyspecialdistancethresholdsfromthehomesite.

Domesticexcursionistsundertakeasimilartrip,butwithoutstayingovernight.

■Figure2.3Fourtypesoftouristwithabroadtravelcontext

WTOterminology

TouristtermusedinthistextbooktouristtermsusedbytheWTO

Tourists=visitors

Stayovers=tourists

Excursionists=same-dayvisitors

Stopovers

Stopoversaretravelerstemporarilystayinginalocationwhileintransittoadestinationregion.Theydonotclearcustomsorundergoanyotherborderformalitiesthatsignifyanofficialvisittothatlocation.

2.3.5Definitionanddataproblems

Internationaltourism

A.Thestandardizationanduniversalityoftouristrelateddataarerelativelyrecentdevelopments,andthiscallsintoquestionthevalidityofvirtuallyanysuchdatacollectedpriortothemid-1990s.

B.TherearesomecountriesthathavenotyetbecomemembersoftheWTO,therebyitisnoteasytogetthevalidityoftheresultingdata.

C.Thequasi-statesituationscitedearlierandtheproblemsthatmayoccurwhendecidingifatouristhasexperiencedanovernightstayornot.

D.Thehighlysuspectfigurethatisprovidedfor1950isstillusedasthebasisforgeneratingyeardata.

Domestictourism

A.Reliabledataresultsaredependentonappropriatesamplingtechniquesandalltheotherproceduresthatmustbefollowedinthesurveyingprocess.

B.Evenhighlydevelopedcountriescontinuetoexperiencemanydifficultiesintheirattemptstounderstandthemagnitudeoftheirtourismsystemasapreliminarystepintheireffectivemanagement.

2.4Originregion

Theregion（e.g.country,state,city）fromwhichthetouristoriginates,alsoreferredtoasthemarketofgeneratingregion

■Origincommunity:

Theresidentsoftheoriginregion

■Origingovernment:

Thegovernmentoftheoriginregion

2.4.1Origincommunity

Therearenumerouswaysinwhichorigincommunityimpactscanoccur

①Somemajororigincitiescanresembleghosttowns，whenasubstantialnumberofresidentstraveltothenearestbeachforrecreationalpurposes

②Localbusinessesmaysufferasaresultwhilethelocaleconomyaffectedbytheassociatedoutflowofcaption

③Conversely,travelagenciescanexcepttothriveasaresultofoutboundtouristactivity

④Significanteffectscanalsobefeltatthesocioculturallevel（returningtouristmaybringwiththemthefashion,foodsandmusicofvariousdestinations）

⑤Othertangiblesocioculturalimpacts（malariaandAIDS,andthemarriageoftouristtolocalresidents）

2.4.2Origingovernment

Thecrucialroleoforigingovernmentscanbelikenedtoasafetyvalvethatultimatelydeterminestheamountofenergy（i.e.touristflow）thatisallowedintothesystem.

①Prohibitionsonthetravelimposedbythegovernmentspreventedthedevelopmentoftourismsystem.（SuchasAmericangovernment）

②Incountri