Chapter 2 The tourism systemWord下载.docx

1、A systematic approach to tourism1 periodsThe touristOrigin region, transit region and destinationDistribution of tourism sectorsTeaching procedure2.1 IntroductionThis chapter introduces the concept of the tourism system and discusses its key components in an introductory way, establishing the basis

2、for a more thorough analysis in subsequent chapters.2.2 A systematic approach to tourismA system can be defined as a group of interrelated, interdependent, and interacting elements that together form a single functional structure.2.2.1 The basic whole tourism systemIn its simplest form, five interde

3、pendent core elements must be present:at least one touristat least one tourist generating regionat least one tourist route regionat least one tourist destinationa travel and tourist industry Figure 2.1 A basic tourism systemAdditionally, there are any numbers of environments, external system and the

4、 internal structure of the tourism system.External system （sociocultural, economic political, political, physical, and so on.）:A: Tourist constitutes the primary flow of energy within this system, including the oil industry, agriculture, and government, to name just a few.B: The external factors can

5、 have a crucial effect on the formation of tourism systems （e.g.: impermeable border situation）.C: Tourism system can also influence these external environments. （e.g.: destinations economy）Internal system: multiple destinations and transit region, and extensive travel within those destination regio

6、ns. the tourism stakeholders in the system a hyper dynamic structure that is in a constant state of flux （tourist, accommodation, transportation）2.3 The touristThe definition of tourism is entirely dependent on the definition of the tourism. Every tourist must simultaneously meet certain spatial, te

7、mporal, and purposive criteria.2.3.1 Spatial componentThe travel must occur outside of the individuals usual environment.WTODomestic and international tourism domestic touristIf a qualifying travel experience occurs within a persons usual country of residence, then that individual would be classifie

8、d as a domestic tourist.international tourist If the experience occurs outside of the usual country of residence, then that person would be classified as an international tourist.The border is the threshold that separates the persons usual environment from other space, no matter what its distance fr

9、om their home.Questions: Which is more important for Chinas tourism industry? Domestic tourists far outnumber international tourists at a global scale and within most countries. Relatively little is known about domestic tourists compared with their international counterparts, despite their magnitude

10、 and economic importance. When the tourism system incorporates geopolitical entities that are not part of a fully fledged country, the distinction is not entirely clear. Outbound and inbound touristsoutbound tourist （those leaving their usual country of residence）inbound tourist （those arriving in a

11、 country different from their usual country of residence.） Any international tourist is both inbound and outbound at the same time, with the distinction being based on whether the classification is being made from the perspective of the county of origin or the country of destination. The cumulative

12、number of inbound trips will always exceed the total number of outbound trips at a global scale, since one outbound trip must translate into at least, but possibly more than, one inbound trip.2.3.2 Temporal componentA WTO threshold that sets a limit of one year as the maximum amount of time that an

13、inbound tourist can remain in the country and still be considered a tourist. For domestic tourist this threshold is normally reduced to six mouths.Stayover and excursionistsstayover: The tourist （domestic and international） remains in the destination for at least one night.excursionists: The trip do

14、es not incorporate at least one overnight stay, and then the term excursionist is commonly employed.Excursion-based tourism is dominated by two main type of activity.Cruise ship excursionists （e.g.: Caribbean and Mediterranean）Cross-border shoppers （e.g.: Canada and US）2.3.3 Travel purposeleisure/re

15、creationIt accounts for the largest single share of tourist activity at a global level, includes vacation, pleasure and holiday.visiting friends and relativesIt is the second most important purpose for tourism. The destination decision is normally predetermined by the place of residence of a persons

16、 friends and relatives.business It is a form of tourism only if the traveler is not paid from a source based in the destination, including consulting, sales, operations, management and maintenance. The largest category by far involves meetings, incentive travel, conventions and exhibitions, all of w

17、hich are combined in the acronym MICE.sportA. Sport-related tourism involves the travel of athletes, trainers and others associated with competitions and training.B. Large numbers of participants generate an enormous amount of tourism-related and other spin-off effects. （e.g.: the 2000 Sydney Olympi

18、cs）C. It benefits to areas far beyond the actual venue, and long before they are actually held.spiritual and healthTravel for religious purpose and health purpose including visit to spas, medical treatment which is often blurred with pleasure/leisure motivations.studyStudents have a very large relat

19、ive impact on the host countries because of the prolonged nature of their stay and the large expenditures, including tuition, that are made during these periods of study.Multipurpose tourism2.3.4 Major tourist categoriesFour major types of touristInternational stayovers are tourists who remain in a

20、destination outside their usual country of residence for at least one night.International excursionists remain in such a location without experiencing at least one overnight stay.Domestic stayovers stay for at least one night in a destination that is within their own usual country of residence, but

21、outside of a usual environment that is often defined by special distance thresholds from the home site.Domestic excursionists undertake a similar trip, but without staying overnight.Figure 2.3 Four types of tourist with a broad travel contextWTO terminologyTourist term used in this textbook tourist

22、terms used by the WTOTourists = visitorsStayovers = touristsExcursionists = same-day visitorsStopoversStopovers are travelers temporarily staying in a location while in transit to a destination region. They do not clear customs or undergo any other border formalities that signify an official visit t

23、o that location.2.3.5 Definition and data problemsInternational tourismA. The standardization and universality of tourist related data are relatively recent developments, and this calls into question the validity of virtually any such data collected prior to the mid-1990s.B. There are some countries

24、 that have not yet become members of the WTO, thereby it is not easy to get the validity of the resulting data.C. The quasi-state situations cited earlier and the problems that may occur when deciding if a tourist has experienced an overnight stay or not.D. The highly suspect figure that is provided

25、 for 1950 is still used as the basis for generating year data.Domestic tourismA. Reliable data results are dependent on appropriate sampling techniques and all the other procedures that must be followed in the surveying process.B. Even highly developed countries continue to experience many difficult

26、ies in their attempts to understand the magnitude of their tourism system as a preliminary step in their effective management.2.4 Origin regionThe region （e.g. country, state, city） from which the tourist originates, also referred to as the market of generating region Origin community: The residents

27、 of the origin region Origin government: The government of the origin region2.4.1 Origin communityThere are numerous ways in which origin community impacts can occur Some major origin cities can resemble ghost towns，when a substantial number of residents travel to the nearest beach for recreational

28、purposes Local businesses may suffer as a result while the local economy affected by the associated outflow of captionConversely, travel agencies can except to thrive as a result of outbound tourist activitySignificant effects can also be felt at the sociocultural level （returning tourist may bring

29、with them the fashion, foods and music of various destinations） Other tangible sociocultural impacts （malaria and AIDS, and the marriage of tourist to local residents）2.4.2 Origin governmentThe crucial role of origin governments can be likened to a safety valve that ultimately determines the amount of energy （i.e. tourist flow） that is allowed into the system.Prohibitions on the travel imposed by the governments prevented the development of tourism system. （Such as American government）In countri