Intercultural CommunicationstudentWord文档格式.docx

Intercultural CommunicationstudentWord文档格式.docx

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398Otherlanguages

Therewouldbe:

329Christians（187Catholics,67Protestants,75others）

178Muslims60Buddhists301Nonreligious,orothers

●Challengeoflivinginaculturemixing

Father,Mother,andMe,

SisterandAuntiesay

Allthepeoplelikeusarewe,

AndeveryoneelseisThey.

AndTheyliveoverthesea,

WhileWeliveovertheway,

But----wouldyoubelieveit?

----

TheylookuponWe

AsonlyasortofThey!

Allgoodpeopleagree,

Andallgoodpeoplesay,

Allnicepeople,likeUs,areWe

AndeveryoneelseisThey:

Butifyoucrossoverthesee,

Insteadofovertheway,

Youmayendby（thinkofit!

）

lookingonWe

----Source:

RudyardKipling,“WeandThey”

2.ApproachestoStudyofInterculturalCompetence

●Thetraitapproach

●Theperceptualapproach

●Thebehavioralapproach

●Theculture-specificapproach

2.1Thetraitapproach

●Itattemptstoidentifythekindsofpersonalitycharacteristicsandindividualtraitsthatallowapersontoavoidfailureandachievesuccessininterculturalencounters.

●Thosewhohaveexploredthisapproachhaveexaminedsuchcharacteristicsasflexibilityinthinking,world-mindness（whichisapositiveattitudetowardpeopleofothercultures）,psychologicalandsocialadjustmentinone’sownculture,andrelativisticvalues（whichmeansnotbeingtoorigidaboutthe“correctness”ofone’svalue）.

●Afailedapproach

2.2Theperceptualapproach

●Itattemptstoidentifyclustersofattitudesorperceptionsthatarerelatedtointerculturalcompetence:

theabilitytodealwithpsychologicalstress,tocommunicateeffectively,andtoestablishinterpersonalrelationships

●Thisapproachunderscorestheimportanceoftheemotionalormotivationaldimensionintheskillfulenactmentofcompetentbehaviors.

2.3Thebehavioralapproach

●Itsuggeststhatitisnecessarytogobeyondwhatpeoplethinktheywilldoininterculturalinteractionsandobservewhattheyactuallydo.

●Interculturalculturalcompetence,fromthisperspective,isbeststudiedbylookingatspecificcommunicationbehaviorsduringinterculturalinteractions.

●Specificbehaviorsnecessaryforinterculturalcompetencewillbediscussedbrieflyinthefollowinglectures.

2.4Theculture-specificapproach

●Alltheabovethreeapproachesareculture-generalexplanationsbecausetheyassumethatregardlessoftheculturesrepresentedinainteraction,genericcharacteristicsorskillsassociatedwithinterculturalcompetencewillapply.

●Withculture-specificapproach,onecandeterminehowwellaparticularpersonadaptsherorhiscommunicationbehaviorstothespecificrulesofinteractionofaparticularculture.

●Thisapproachemphasizesaperson’sknowledgeofparticularculturesandwhatbehaviorsareconsideredappropriatewithinthem.

2.5Summary

●Thefourapproachestointerculturalcompetence,takentogether,suggestthatinterculturalcommunicationisacomplexphenomenon.

●Moreimportantly,theyalsosuggestthattoachieveinterpersonalcompetenceininteractionswithpeoplefromdifferentcultures,avarietyofpersonalandinterpersonalcomponentsmustbeconsidered.

Lecture2Culture

1Whatisculture?

●Definitionofculturearenumerous.

●In1952,AlfredL.KroeberandClydeKluckhohnpublishedabookwithover200pages（Alistof164differentdefinitionsofculture）devotedtodifferentdefinitionsoftheterm.

●Afuzzysetofattitudes,beliefs,behavioralnorms,andbasicassumptionsandvaluesthataresharedbyagroupofpeople,andthatinfluenceeachmember'

sbehaviorandhis/herinterpretationofthemeaningofotherpeople'

sbehavior.

2FeaturesofCulture（4’）

●Cultureislearned

✓Peoplelearnabouttheirculturethroughinteractionswithparents,otherfamilymembers,friends,andevenstrangerswhoarepartoftheculture.

✓Cryingornotcrying?

Quietortalkative?

✓Makedecisionatanearlyageortelling?

●Cultureinvolvesbeliefs,valuesandnorms

✓Beliefs:

basicunderstandingaboutwhattheworldislikeorwhatistrueorfalse;

✓Values:

whatisgoodorbad;

✓Norms:

rulesforappropriatebehavior.

●Cultureisasetofsharedperceptions

✓Culturesexistinthemindsofpeople

●Cultureaffectsbehavior

✓Guidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean,whatisimportant,andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone.

●Cultureinvolveslargegroupsofpeople

3ForcesCreateCulturalDifferences

●Whyarenotallculturesalike?

●Whydoculturesdevelopcertainfeatures?

●Whydoculturescommunicateastheydo?

●Whyaretheychanging?

3.1History

●Historicaldevelopmentcontributestoculturaldifferences.

✓BlackDeathinEurope

●late14thcentury,killing1/3to1/2oftheEuropeanpopulation;

increaseinpopulation

✓EconomicDepressionof1929intheUS

✓AmericanWesternmovement

✓China’sCulturalRevolution?

✓InvasionofAnglo-SaxonintoGreatBritain?

3.2Ecology

●Theexternalenvironmentinwhichtheculturelivesistheculture’secology.

●Itincludessuchphysicalforcesastheoverallclimate,thechangingweatherpatterns,theprevailingland,etc.

●Itusuallyremainshiddentothemembersofaculture.

✓Warmweatherclimates:

High-contactcultures;

highlevelofinvolvementandcloserphysicaldistancesincommunication

✓Coldweatherclimates:

Low-contactcultures;

lessverballydramatic,lesssociallyisolated,lessauthoritarian,moretolerantorambiguity,morelikelytoavoidtouchingothersinsocialsituations,andlowerinfeelingsofself-importanceorself-worth.

✓Thisisbecause:

Theyneedtomaintainflexibilitytodealwithanambiguousandunpredictableenvironment,cooperatedwithotherstostaveoffthewindandtheweather,andrecognizehowpunyhumansarewhencomparedtosuchpowerfulforcesasicestormsandsnowdrifts.

✓Americanwesternization;

ChinaandBritain’sisolation;

Japan,etc.

3.3Technology

●Microchip?

Cyberculture=Americanculture?

●Media?

✓Mediaareresponsibleforintroducingideasfromoneculturetoanotherrapidly,inamatterofweeksorless.

✓Mediatechnologiesinfluencepeople’sperceptionsaboutothercultures.

✓InfluenceofMetroGarden?

Koreanserials?

✓Towhatextenddomediaprogramsaccuratelyreflectacultureanditsmembers?

✓Media-generatedstereotypes?

3.4Biology

Itisthefactorwhichleadstoleastculturaldifferences.

●TypeBblood:

AsianandAfricanraces

Rhnegativeblood:

Europeans

●Onecontroversialtheoryabouthumanbiologicaldifferences:

AllhumanscantracetheirancestrybacktothegenesofasingleAfricanwoman,wholivedbetween166,000and249,000yearsago.

●About25%ofthegenesofAfricanAmericanscomefromwhiteancestors,andnumerousAfricanAmericanshaveNativeAmericanancestryaswell.

●Upto5%ofthegenesofEuropeanAmericanscomefromblackancestors.

3.5InstitutionalNetworks

●Theyaretheformalorganizationsinsocietiesthatstructureactivitiesforlargenumbersofpeople.

●Theseincludegovernment,education,religion,work,professionalassociations,andevensocialorganizations.

3.6InterpersonalCommunicationPatterns

●Verbal&

Nonverbal

●Parents,siblings,peers,teachers,relatives,neighbors,employers,authorityfigures,andothersocialcontacts.

●Theyprovidemessagesaboutthepreferredwaysofthinking,feeling,perceiving,andactinginrelationtoproblemswithwhichtheculturemustcope.

✓e.g.:

“Godispunishingthepeoplebecausetheyhavedisobeyed”;

“Disasterssuchasthisonehappenbecauseofcyclonicstormsthatareunrelatedtohumanactions.”

✓US:

Itisappropriatetolivehundredsofmilesfromhomeifdoingsowillallowthemtopursuethebesteducation.

✓Mexico:

Familyrelationshipsaremoreimportantthanindividualachievement.

4InterrelatednessofCulturalForces

●Eachcultureislikearichandcomplexstewthathasbeencookedveryslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Thoughallstewshavecertaincommonalities,eachstartsfromdifferentvarietiesofthesameingredients,usesdifferentspices,andisproducedunderdifferentcookingconditions.Thus,eventhesamenewingredient,suchastheintroductionofanewvarietyofriceseedintodifferentcultures,willproducedifferentconsequencesoroutcomesineachculture.

●Populationreduction:

InIrish:

Catholic,artificialmethodsofbirthcontrolwereunacceptable,notmarrybeforetheageofabout30.

InIndiaataboutthesametime:

averagelifeexpectancywasabout28years,preferredmarriageagewasaround12or13.

5CulturalDifferencesandInterculturalCompetence

●Ethnocentrism

E.G.:

BeliefsofBodyodor:

◆USAmericansspendlargesumsofmoneytoridthemselvesofnaturalbodyodor;

◆Arabic:

lettingotherstosmellyourbodyodorisawaytoshowrespecttoothers;

◆Chinese?

●Thecompetentinterculturalcommunicatorsdonotnecessarilysuppressnegativefeelings,butacknowledgestheirexistenceandseekstominimizetheireffectonherorhiscommunication.

6.UnderlyingDimensionsofCulture

Culturecanbe'

orderedinto'

layers,likeanonion,whereonepeelhastobetakenoffinordertoseethefollowinglayer.

7.