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1、 61 Spanish 31 Portuguese 22 French 398 Other languages There would be: 329 Christians （187 Catholics, 67 Protestants, 75 others ） 178 Muslims 60 Buddhists 301 Nonreligious, or others Challenge of living in a culture mixingFather, Mother, and Me, Sister and Auntie sayAll the people like us are we, A

2、nd every one else is They.And They live over the sea, While We live over the way,But-would you believe it?- They look upon We As only a sort of They!All good people agree, And all good people say,All nice people, like Us, are We And everyone else is They:But if you cross over the see, Instead of ove

3、r the way,You may end by （think of it!） looking on We-Source: Rudyard Kipling, “We and They”2. Approaches to Study of Intercultural Competence The trait approach The perceptual approach The behavioral approach The culture-specific approach2.1 The trait approach It attempts to identify the kinds of p

4、ersonality characteristics and individual traits that allow a person to avoid failure and achieve success in intercultural encounters. Those who have explored this approach have examined such characteristics as flexibility in thinking, world-mindness （which is a positive attitude toward people of ot

5、her cultures）, psychological and social adjustment in ones own culture, and relativistic values （which means not being too rigid about the “correctness” of ones value）. A failed approach 2.2 The perceptual approach It attempts to identify clusters of attitudes or perceptions that are related to inte

6、rcultural competence: the ability to deal with psychological stress, to communicate effectively, and to establish interpersonal relationships This approach underscores the importance of the emotional or motivational dimension in the skillful enactment of competent behaviors.2.3 The behavioral approa

7、ch It suggests that it is necessary to go beyond what people think they will do in intercultural interactions and observe what they actually do. Intercultural cultural competence, from this perspective, is best studied by looking at specific communication behaviors during intercultural interactions.

8、 Specific behaviors necessary for intercultural competence will be discussed briefly in the following lectures.2.4 The culture-specific approach All the above three approaches are culture-general explanations because they assume that regardless of the cultures represented in a interaction, generic c

9、haracteristics or skills associated with intercultural competence will apply. With culture-specific approach, one can determine how well a particular person adapts her or his communication behaviors to the specific rules of interaction of a particular culture. This approach emphasizes a persons know

10、ledge of particular cultures and what behaviors are considered appropriate within them.2.5 Summary The four approaches to intercultural competence, taken together, suggest that intercultural communication is a complex phenomenon. More importantly, they also suggest that to achieve interpersonal comp

11、etence in interactions with people from different cultures, a variety of personal and interpersonal components must be considered.Lecture 2 Culture1 What is culture? Definition of culture are numerous. In 1952, Alfred L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn published a book with over 200 pages （A list of 164

12、 different definitions of culture） devoted to different definitions of the term. A fuzzy set of attitudes, beliefs, behavioral norms, and basic assumptions and values that are shared by a group of people, and that influence each members behavior and his/her interpretation of the meaning of other peo

13、ples behavior.2 Features of Culture（4） Culture is learned People learn about their culture through interactions with parents, other family members, friends, and even strangers who are part of the culture. Crying or not crying? Quiet or talkative? Make decision at an early age or telling? Culture inv

14、olves beliefs, values and norms Beliefs: basic understanding about what the world is like or what is true or false; Values: what is good or bad; Norms: rules for appropriate behavior. Culture is a set of shared perceptions Cultures exist in the minds of people Culture affects behavior Guidelines abo

15、ut what things mean, what is important, and what should or should not be done. Culture involves large groups of people3 Forces Create Cultural Differences Why are not all cultures alike? Why do cultures develop certain features? Why do cultures communicate as they do? Why are they changing?3.1 Histo

16、ry Historical development contributes to cultural differences. Black Death in Europe late 14th century, killing 1/3 to 1/2 of the European population; increase in population Economic Depression of 1929 in the US American Western movement Chinas Cultural Revolution? Invasion of Anglo-Saxon into Great

17、 Britain?3.2 Ecology The external environment in which the culture lives is the cultures ecology. It includes such physical forces as the overall climate, the changing weather patterns, the prevailing land, etc. It usually remains hidden to the members of a culture. Warm weather climates: High-conta

18、ct cultures; high level of involvement and closer physical distances in communication Cold weather climates: Low-contact cultures; less verbally dramatic, less socially isolated, less authoritarian, more tolerant or ambiguity, more likely to avoid touching others in social situations, and lower in f

19、eelings of self-importance or self-worth. This is because: They need to maintain flexibility to deal with an ambiguous and unpredictable environment, cooperated with others to stave off the wind and the weather, and recognize how puny humans are when compared to such powerful forces as ice storms an

20、d snow drifts. American westernization; China and Britains isolation; Japan, etc.3.3 Technology Microchip? Cyber culture=American culture? Media? Media are responsible for introducing ideas from one culture to another rapidly, in a matter of weeks or less. Media technologies influence peoples percep

21、tions about other cultures. Influence of Metro Garden? Korean serials? To what extend do media programs accurately reflect a culture and its members? Media-generated stereotypes?3.4 BiologyIt is the factor which leads to least cultural differences. Type B blood: Asian and African racesRh negative bl

22、ood: Europeans One controversial theory about human biological differences: All humans can trace their ancestry back to the genes of a single African woman, who lived between 166, 000 and 249, 000 years ago. About 25% of the genes of African Americans come from white ancestors, and numerous African

23、Americans have Native American ancestry as well. Up to 5% of the genes of European Americans come from black ancestors.3.5 Institutional Networks They are the formal organizations in societies that structure activities for large numbers of people. These include government, education, religion, work,

24、 professional associations, and even social organizations.3.6 Interpersonal Communication Patterns Verbal & Nonverbal Parents, siblings, peers, teachers, relatives, neighbors, employers, authority figures, and other social contacts. They provide messages about the preferred ways of thinking, feeling

25、, perceiving, and acting in relation to problems with which the culture must cope. e.g.: “God is punishing the people because they have disobeyed”; “Disasters such as this one happen because of cyclonic storms that are unrelated to human actions.” US: It is appropriate to live hundreds of miles from

26、 home if doing so will allow them to pursue the best education. Mexico: Family relationships are more important than individual achievement.4 Interrelatedness of Cultural Forces Each culture is like a rich and complex stew that has been cooked very slowly over a long period of time. Though all stews

27、 have certain commonalities, each starts from different varieties of the same ingredients, uses different spices, and is produced under different cooking conditions. Thus, even the same new ingredient, such as the introduction of a new variety of rice seed into different cultures, will produce diffe

28、rent consequences or outcomes in each culture. Population reduction:In Irish: Catholic, artificial methods of birth control were unacceptable, not marry before the age of about 30.In India at about the same time: average life expectancy was about 28 years, preferred marriage age was around 12 or 13.

29、5 Cultural Differences and Intercultural Competence Ethnocentrism E.G.: Beliefs of Body odor: US Americans spend large sums of money to rid themselves of natural body odor; Arabic: letting others to smell your body odor is a way to show respect to others; Chinese? The competent intercultural communi

30、cators do not necessarily suppress negative feelings, but acknowledges their existence and seeks to minimize their effect on her or his communication.6. Underlying Dimensions of CultureCulture can be ordered into layers, like an onion, where one peel has to be taken off in order to see the following layer. 7.