英语说明文写作方法有哪些Word格式文档下载.docx
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Thirdly,earlyrisingenables(使能够)ustoplantheworkoftheday.Wecannotworkwellwithoutagoodplan.Justastheplanfortheyearshouldbemadeinthespring,sotheplanforthedayshouldbemadeinthemorning.
Fourthly,earlyrisinggivesusenoughtimetogetreadyforourwork,suchastowashourfacesandhandsandeatourbreakfastproperly.
Laterisersmayfinditverydifficulttoformthehabitofearlyrising.Theyoughttomakespecialeffortstodoso.AstheEnglishproverbsays,“Earlytobedandearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习
Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall,…Secondly,…Andfinally,…
WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall,…Secondly,…Andfinally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first,second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用forexample,forinstance,stillanotherexampleis…等词语引出。
下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
Itisimpossibletokeepingoodhealthunlesswetakeenoughrecreation(娱乐)。
Themind,too,needschangetomakeitfreshandvigorous(有活力的)Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying,AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.“
Therearemanygameswhichboysandgirlscanplayaftertheirschoolworkisdone,forinstance,football,tennis,andkite-flying.Otherexamplesofrecreationareboating,fishing,gardening,cycling,walking,chess-playing,andreading.Personswhositmuchattheirbusinessshouldtakeakindofrecreationthatwillsupplytheirmuscles(肌肉)withexercise.Thosewhospendmostoftheirtimeintheopenairanddomanualwork(体力活)shouldadopt(采纳)readingorsomeotherquietformofrecreation.
Cyclingissaidtobeanimportantmeansofrecreation,butmanypersonsfoolishlytireoutthemselvesbycyclingtoomuch.Thesamemaybesaidinregardtofootball.Tennisisapleasantformofrecreation.Manypersonstakegreatdelightinboating.Fishingrequiresmuchpatience,andthereismuchdangeroftakingcoldbysittingstillonacolddaytoolong.Agoodbrisk(轻松)walkisoneofthefinestformsofexercise.Forpersonsengagedinoutdoorlabor,chess-playingisanotherexcellentformofrecreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:
即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparisonandcontrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。
比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如
FromParagraphtoEssay
Althoughtheyaredifferentinlength(长度),theparagraphandtheessayarequitesimilarinstructure(结构)。
Forexample,theparagraphstartswitheitheratopicsentence(主题句)oratopicintroducerfollowedbyatopicsentence.Intheessay,thefirstparagraphsetsupthetopicfocus(主题所在)Next,thesentencesinthebodyofaparagraphdevelopthetopicsentence.Similarly,thebodyofanessayconsistsofanumberofparagraphsthatdiscussandsupporttheideasgivenintheintroductory(引导的)paragraph.Finally,aconcludingsentence(结束句)——whetherarestatement,conclusion,orobservation——endstheparagraph.Theessay,too,hasaconcludingparagraphwhichendstheessaylogicallyandsatisfactorily.Althoughtherearesomeexceptions(例外),mostwellwrittenexpository(说明文的)paragraphsandessaysaresimilarinstructure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,inthesamecase,inspiteofthedifference等这样的词语。
EuropeanFootballandAmericanFootball
AlthoughEuropeanfootballistheparentofAmericanfootball,thetwogamesshowseveralmajordifferences.Europeanfootball,sometimescalledassociationfootballorsoccer,isplayedin80countries,makingitthemostwidelyplayedsportintheworld.Americanfootball,ontheotherhand,ispopularonlyinNorthAmerica(theUnitedStatesandCanada)。
Soccerisplayedbyelevenplayerswitharoundball.Football,alsoplayedbyelevenplayersinsomewhatdifferentpositions(位置)onthefield,isplayedwithanelongated(拉长的)roundball.Soccerhaslittlebodycontact(接触)betweenplayersandthereforeneedsnospecialprotectiveequipment.Football,inwhichplayersmakethegreatestuseofbodycontacttostoparunningball-carrierandhisteammates,needsspecialprotectiveequipment.Insoccer,theballisadvancedtowardthegoalbykickingitorbybutting(顶)itwiththehead.InAmericanfootball,ontheotherhand,theballispassedfromhandtohandorcarriedinthehandsacrosstheopponents(对手)goal.Thesearejustafewofthefeatureswhichdistinguish(区别)associationandAmericanfootball.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。
从文章中可以看出:
however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。
定义法的基本要素是定义句。
英语中常见定义句的模式是
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如
Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson(以……为食品)fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.
其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。
比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:
Astudentisapersonwhoisstudyingataplaceofeducationortraining.Ateacherisapersonwhogivesknowledgeorskilltosb.asaprofession(专业)。
5.顺序法(sequenceoftime,spaceandprocess)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。
比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的
Coal
Coalunderwent(经受)manychangesbeforeitbecamethebright,brittle(脆的),blacksubstancewhichwenowuse.Duringancienttimes(在上古时代),whentheearthenjoyedaverywarmandwetclimate,thelandwascoveredwithlargeforestsandbigplants.Astimewenton,thegroundchangedandbegantosink(下沉)alittle.Theseverylargenumbersoftreesandvegetablesreceivedadeposit(沉淀)ofsandandclay.Thislayerofsandandclaypresseduponthelayerbeneathandpreventeditfromcontactwithair.Thesetreesandplantsreceivedthepressureandchangeditsappearance.
Generationsaftergenerations(几世纪后),asthegroundkeptgraduallysinking,anotherlayerofsandandclaywasagaindeposited(积聚)abovethelayersalreadyformed.Agreatpressurewasthusexerted(作用)andthepeat(泥煤)waschangedintotheblackandbrittlesubstancewhichisknownascoal.
Coalisakindofmineralwhichisformedbynatureasabovestated.Itisanimportantindustrialmaterialandischieflyusedasfuel.Itisveryvaluableintheindustrialworld.Theplacewherecoaldepositiscalledacoalmine(煤矿)。
InChina,coalminesarelargelyfoundinthenorth-westpartofthecountry.Shanxiisafamousprovinceforproducingcoal.IthasthemostcoalofChina.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。
比如:
著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·
培根(FrancisBacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(OfStudies)一文中就用到了分类法
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts,otherstoberead,butnotcuriously,andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;
butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks…
参考译文:
书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。
换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。
书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。
但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。
另外必须指出的是:
在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。
有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。
因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。