外文翻译建筑生命周期.docx

外文翻译建筑生命周期.docx

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外文翻译建筑生命周期

外文文献：

THELIFECYCLEOFBUILDING

ABSTRACT

SustainableBuildingisaglobalissue.Thelifecycleofbuildinginfluencesthelifecyclesof

thewholeplanetdramatically.

SomeofthemethodsconcerningEnvironmentally-SoundandHealthyBuilding,developedandusedinTheNetherlandswillbepresentedanddiscussedintheperspectiveofworldwideeffects.Awarenessaboutanddevelopmentofthosemethodsandapproachesareactuallyyetnotattheirend.

ThescientificandtechnicalcomplexityofthethemeandthefactthattheobjectivesareitemsofcommercialandpoliticalinterestsmakeSustainableBuildingadelicateproblem.

However,afterhavingseenhowcomplicateditistocontributetoaSustainableDevelopmentsubstantially,wewillconcludewithsomeRulesofThumbandInnovativeproposals,inordertostimulatemoresignificantcontributionsinthefuture.

INTRODUCTION

KnowledgeonSustainableBuildingwasanitemofhighestimportancealreadyinthebeginofhumancultureandcivilisation.Lookingback,inhistory,wefindthatSustainableBuildingwasaquestionofsurvival.Protectionagainstweathercircumstances,dangerousanimalsandhostilefellowmenbelong（ed）tothemainfunctionsofabuilding.Inordertofulfilthesedemandsitwasnecessarytofindanequilibriumbetweentheenvironmentallyorecologicallybasedpossibilitiesofresourcesandtheirlimitsandtheneedsandwishesforadurablehome.Besidethisitwasdeterminingforabuiltresult,whichandhowmuchcapacitiesfortherealisationwereavailable.Energyforbuildingpurposeswasmainlygivenbyhumanpower,andforapartbytheuseofanimalsandmoreindirectlysometimesbyfireorwind.Butfirewasdependentfromfuel.Similarlytherewasonlybuildingmaterialathand,whichcouldbefoundneartothesite,becauseitwasgenerallytoocostly,nearlyimpossible,totransportmainmaterialsfromasourcefaraway.

Whenhumankindstartedtoexploitorproduce（'hard）energyonalargescale-atleastapart,inthesocalledWest-bysteam,electricityfromfuelslikecoal,mineraloil,gas,hydropowerandfinallynuclearpower,thesceneofbuildingchangeddramatically,certainlyintherichcountries,whichusedandstillusetoexploitothers.

Inspiteofpollution,deteriorationandexploitation-thesephenomenaevenmostlyfullyignored-thesocalledindustrialrevolutionstarted.Independentfromavitalneed,massproductionfirstlyofallkindsofgoodsandlaterofmoreandmorebuildingproductsstarted.Withtheeconomicalinterestandpoweritwaspossibletocreatemarketsandtosellthemassproducts,eventofarawaylocatedconsumers,whiletherelativeeasynewtransportationlinesoftrainandshipandlateroftruckandairplane,helpedandhelpstilltobringorcatchrawmaterialsfromfaraway.RegionalbuildingdisappearedinbigpartsoftheworldandwithanInternationalArchitectureitwasevenpostulated,thateverythingcouldbethesameeverywhere.

Inthelastdecadesweslowlyrecognizedtheterribleeffectsofthiswaytobuildinourenvironmentaswellasonourselves.Themondialdisastermightbe,forapproximatelyathird,theeffectofthebuildingactivities,whiletheSickBuildingSyndromeisfullycreatedbytherecentandnowadayswaytobuildandtodwell.Atthesametimeweshouldbeawarethattherichappearing,technologicaladvancedcountries,whichareapproximately20%ofthewholehumankind,caneffortthis'style'onlybyexploitingthe+80%ofhumankind,whicharecalledthePoor,underwhomapopulationofabout20%hardlycansurvive.

ItseemsextraordinarydifficulttoincreasetheawarenessofthefirstWorldconcerningtheserelationswithinourmondialsociety.Butevenmoredifficultitistotransformourbehaviourtowardsmorebalancedcircumstancesintheworld.Thiscontributionaimstohelp,modestly,tosupportastrategytogetherwiththenecessary'knowhow'towardsSustainableBuildingasanessentialpartofSustainableDevelopment.

Theentirebuildingprocess–fromcradletograveorevenfromcradletocradle–inits

relationtotheenvironmentintermsofenergyuseandemissionbetweendigging（input）

outoftheenvironmentandbringingback（output）intotheenvironment.

Onthewayofthislifecyclewefaceexploitation,pollutionanddeteriorationofthe

environment.Partialreuseisalwaysgood,butitisonlyaverylowcompensationforthe

damages,whichthewholeprocesscauses.

LIFECYCLE

Lookingmorecarefully（thanusual）totheLifeCycleofmaterialsandproducts（andsimilarlyalsototheflowofenergy）,appliedforallkindsofpurposes,includingbuilding,itisusefultodistinguishintherelationshipofthechangesamaterial（oranenergy）undergoeswithspaceandtime.Doingso,wesystematicallycanfocusonthevariousimpactswhichthechainofcause