英语听力教程第三版张民伦主编Unit6FindtheRightWords听力原文Word格式.docx

英语听力教程第三版张民伦主编Unit6FindtheRightWords听力原文Word格式.docx

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5.From500on,theWestGermaniclanguagewasthebasiclanguageofBritain（orEngland）.

Influencesfromotherlanguagescontinuedhowever.

6.InthesixthandseventhcenturiesEnglandwasChristianizedbymissionariessentbythePope（sothatLatininfluencecontinued）.

Then,

7.Intheeig11thandninthcenturiestheNorsemen（Vikings）,invadedEnglandwiththeirOldNorselanguage.

8.In1066.theNormanConquestbroughtFrenchlinguisticinfluence.

9.TheFrenchinfluencecontinuedfor300years（theninthcenturythroughthe11thcentury）.

10.Andfinally,inthefifteenandsixteenhundreds,whenclassicallearningwasrevived,therewascontinuedLatinlanguageinfluence.

1.Peoplearedelightedifyoucanspeaktheirlanguage,andtheydon'

tcarehowwellyouspeakit.Theyarenotupsetwhenyoumakemistakes.Ithinkinordertolearn,youmustn'

tbeafraidofmakingmistakes.

2.I'

maveryshypersonandit'

snoteasyformetotalktostrangers.Butyouhavetoforceyourselftotalktopeople.That'

swhatIdidanditreallyhelpedme.

3.Ithinkthebestlanguagelearnersarepeoplewithasenseofhumor.Trytolaughatyourownmistakesanddon'

ttakeyourselftooseriously.You'

llfindthatotherpeoplewillbesympatheticwhenyoumakemistakes.

4.Itooktwocoursesinbusinessstudies.Iread,studied,listenedtolecturesandtooknotesinEnglish.ItwasaverygoodexperienceformebecauseIdidn'

thavetimetothinkaboutthelanguage.Irecommendforgettingaboutthegrammarandthinkingaboutthemeaninginstead.

5.Inmyexperience,learningaforeignlanguagealwaysinvolvesalotoftime,alotofboringworkandlotsofproblems!

Inshort,ifyouwanttolearnanotherlanguageyouhavetoworkhard.

6.Trytoreadasmuchasyoucan.Ithinkthat'

sthebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishandtolearnmorenewwords.IalwaystrytoreadsomethinginEnglisheveryday.

PartIISkillstocommunicatebadnews

AviArditti：

I'

mAviArdittiwithRosanneSkirble,andthisweekonWordmaster:

givingdoctorsbetterskillstocommunicatebadnews.

RosanneSkirble：

AnthonyBackisamedicaloncologistattheUniversityofWashingtonandtheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterinSeattle.Heandfourcolleaguesareinthefifthyearleadingaprogramfundedwithoneandone-halfmilliondollarsfromtheNationalCancerInstitute.

DoctorBacksaysspeciallytrainedactorsplaycancerpatientstohelponcologistslearnhowtoavoidsoundinginsensitivewhentheprognosisisgrim.

AnthonyBack：

ProbablythebiggestmisconceptionIfaceisthatyou'

reeitherbornwiththisoryou'

renot.Infact,whattheresearchshowsisthatpeoplelearntodothisovertime.Andthewaytheylearntodoitistheyseegoodrolemodels,theypractice,theygetspecificfeedbackonwhatthey'

redoing,theytry-outnewthings,theyinnovateanddevelopnewconversationalpracticesforthemselves.

Canyougiveussomeexamplesofthoseconversationalpractices--whataresomewaystoimpartbadnews?

Here'

sanexample:

Thepatienthashadcancerinthepast,hasbeendoingwellandiscominginforsomeroutinefollow-uptests.Theroutinefollow-uptestsunexpectedlyshowthecancerhasstartedtocomeback.

Thedoctorwilltypicallygoinandsaytothepatient,"

Guesswhat,yourcancer'

sback."

Andthepatientwillbejustblownaway,right?

Thereareacoupleofpracticestherethatdoctorscandothatcanhelp.Oneistostartwith--especiallyifyoudon'

tknowthepatient--askingwhatthepatientexpected,whatdidtheyunderstandabouttheircancer,whatweretheyexpectingwiththistest.Becauseifthepatientsaystoyou"

Youknow,theydidn'

ttellmeanything.I'

mjustherebecauseIgotthisappointmentinthemail,"

that'

sonewholekindofcomprehensionlevel.Whereasifthepatientsays"

IhadaTlNlMOlungcancerandtheytoldmeIhadafifty-fivepercentchanceofdiseaserecurrenceinthenexttwoyears,"

sawholedifferentstory,right?

Thesecondthingisthatafteryougivethisdifficultnews,thenIthinkit'

sreallyimportanttoaddressboththecognitivereactionandalsothekindoftheemotionalsideofit.

Whataresomeofthephrasesorthewaysinwhichyoucancouchthisnews?

Youknow,thewaytomakeiteasieristomakesurethatyouaregoingfromthecontextthepatientdrewforyou.Soyougofromwhatthepatientunderstandsandyoutrytousetheirwordsasmuchaspossible.Andthen,whenyougettothereallybadpartofthenews,Ithinkit'

sactuallyimportanttobedirectandconcreteandnottocouchthenews.It'

sbettertosay"

Thecancerhascomeback"

thantosay"

Therearehypo-densitiesinyourliverontheCT"

（or）"

Youhaveamalignancy."

Allthoseeuphemismsforcepatientstostruggletounderstandwhat'

shappeningtothem,anditaddstotheirconfusionanddistress.

RosanneSkirble:

：

Well,shouldtheysaythingslike"

Iwishthingsweredifferent"

or"

Ihopeforthebest,"

orshouldadoctorkindofmaintainadistance?

Youknow,mythoughtaboutthatactuallyisthatthemoreskilledthephysician,thelesstheyhavetodistancethemselves.Therearesomephrasesthatweuse,andthemostimportantonesarereallytheonesthatareaboutempathyforthepatient.Youknow,"

Iseethisisadifficultsituation,Iseethisisnotwhatyouexpected,I'

mhopingforthebest."

AndIthinkit'

sfinefordoctorstotalkabouthope,andIthinkit'

simportantactually.

AviArditti：

Letmeaskyou,haveyouseenanyculturaldifferencescomeupinthetrainingprogramsasyou'

vehaddoctorsgothrough?

Youknow,wehaveactuallyaverymulticulturalgroupofphysicianswhocome,andtheyallbringinalltheirowndifferentvaluesabouthowfrankshouldpeoplebe.BecausetheAmericanstandard,ofcourse,isthatpatientsthemselvesgetalltheinformation,theymakethedecisionthemselves,andthere'

sthisverystrongemphasisonautonomy.Andinalotofotherculturesthat'

sreallynotthecase.

Andwhatgotyoustartedinthefirstplace?

Whatgotmestartedwas,whenIwasanoncologytrainee,andthiswasafterapersonalexperience--mymotherhaddiedofapre-leukemiakindofthing--Irememberwalkingaroundinthebone-marrowtransplantwardswiththisexperienced--itwasthisother,olderseniorphysician--goingaroundhavingtheselife-and-deathconversationswithpatientsandthinking,God,therehasgottobeabetterwaytodothis.

Theresult,saysDoctorAnthonyBackinSeattle,isaprogramthathasnowtrainedaboutonehundred-eightyoncologistsatretreatsheldtwiceayear.TheprogramWebsiteisoncotalk.info--that'

so-n-c-o-t-a-l-kdoti-n-f-o.

PartIIIForeignaccents

SectionI

AsfarasI'

mconcerned,IdotendtojudgepeopleImeetbytheiraccents.Idon'

tmeanthatI'

masortofsnob,andonlylikepeoplewithposhaccents,butIneverfeelcomfortablewithanewpersonuntilI'

vebeenabletoplacethemfromthewaytheyspeak.Ifit'

sanEnglishperson,IfeelmuchmoreateaseifIcansay"

Ah,hecomesformLiverpool"

or"

He'

sprobablybeentopublicschool"

.IsupposethenIknowwhattotalkaboutandwhattoexpectfromtheotherperson.

Thesameistrueofforeigners.Personally,Ipreferaforeignertospeakwitharecognizableforeignaccent,sothatIknowthatI'

mtalkingtoaFrenchman,aGhanaian,aPole,andsoon.Soforme,itseemsabitpointlessforforeignerstotrydesperatelyhardtogetridoftheirnationalaccentandtrytospeakBBCEnglish.IfsomeoneisclearlyFrench,Iknowthere'

snopointintalkingaboutcricketormakingjokesabouttheIrish.Andfrankly,Ithinkitevensoundsmoreattractive.Ican'

treallyexplainwhy,butifapersonhasaforeignaccent,theyseemtobemoreinteresting,eveniftheyaresayingthemostordinarythings.

SectionII

Mindyou,thereisalimittointelligibility.Iftheaccentissostrongthatyouhaveastruggletounderstandwhattheyaresaying,thenthatgetsinthewayoftheconversation,andtheflowisbrokenwhileyoutrytosortoutthesoundsintomeaningfulbits.Idon'

tmeananaccentasstrongasthat.I'

mtalkingaboutthekindofaccentwhereyoucantellimmediatelywhichcountrythepersoncomesfrom,butwherethey'

vegotenoughEnglishtocarryonagoodconversationwithoutsearchingforwords,ormessingupthegrammarsothatyoulosethethread.Isupposeit'

sthekindofaccentmostforeignershave,really.Tobehonest,it'

sonlyaveryfewwhohavesuchagoodearthattheyproducemoreorlessgenuineBritishEnglish,andeventhenitcanbequiteamusingbecausetheymayhavepickedupaclearlyregionalaccent,orevenaveryupper-classaccentwhichdoesn'

tfitinwiththeircharacteratall.ButmostforeignerswholearnEnglisharedesperatelykeentogetridoftheirforeignaccentsandwastealotoftimetryingt