EgovernmentWhat can China learn from EuropeWord文件下载.docx

EgovernmentWhat can China learn from EuropeWord文件下载.docx

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InChina，e-governmentintroductionofficiallystartedonJan．22，1999whengovernmentonlineproject（GOP）wasformallylaunchedbyChinaTelecomandtheStateEconomicandTradeCommission’sEconomicInformationCentrealongwiththeInformationOfficesofmorethan40centralgovernmentdepartments‘1’．Thegoaloftheprojectistoestablishthebasisforthedevelopmentofe-governmentinChina,providemoreeffectivecoordinationbetweenandacrossgovernmentsatdifferentlevels，increasepublicaccesstogovernmentinformationwhilereducinggovernmentexpensesbyincreasingadministrativeefficiency，promoteprocurementofgoodsandservicesonline，andenhancetheinformatizationoftheeconomyandsocietyinChina[1]．

Notliketheindependente-governmentstrategyofChina，thee-governmentstrategyofEuropeisincludedineEuropeprogramme．OnDec．8，1999，theEuropeanCommissionlaunchedeEuropeinitiative，whichproposesambitioustargetstobringthebenefitsoftheInformationSocietywithinreachofallEuropeans[21．Inordertoachievethosetargets，EuropeanCommissiondrewupthe“eEurope2002actionplan”in2000andthiswasstrengthenedbythe“eEurope2005actionplan”in2002[3]．E-governmentisanimportantpartofeEuropeanditsactionplan，theaimofe-governmentistomakepublicinformationmoreeasilyaccessiblebyextendingandsimplifyingInternetaccess，ensureinclusionandsecurityinonlinepublicservicedelivery，providemultilingualcontentandmakeitavailableonvariousplatformstopromotee-government[2—3|．

1E-governmentinEuropeandChina

Inthisarticle，weperformananalysisofe-governmentinEuropeandChina．Thestatisticaldataforouranalysismainlycomefromthe“Globale-governmentreadinessreport”publishedbyUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicsandSocialAffairs（UNDESA）[4]andofficialstatisticsofEuropeandChina．

1．1E-governmentreadiness

E-governmentreadinessindexisacompositemeasurementofthecapacityandwillingnessofcountriestousee-governmentforICT—leddevelopment[4]．Besidestheassessmentofgovernmentwebsitedevelopmentpatternsinacountry（webmeasureindex），e-governmentreadinessindexalsotakestelecommunicationinfrastructureindexandhumancapitalindexintocount．

Table1E-governmentreadinessindex：

EUandChina

Country

E-governmentreadinessindex

Webmeasureindex

Telecommunicationinfrastructureindex

Humanapitalindex

2003

2004

China

0．416

0．436

0．332

O．加5

0．116

O．111

0．800

0．790

EUl5

0．707

0．734

0．562

0．656

0．595

0．580

0．964

0．966

EU25

O．65l

0．681

0．503

0．600

0．504

0．493

0．946

O．950

Source：

UNDESA，2004．

Theterm‘EUl5’referstothe15countriesthatformedtheEuropeanUnion（EU）untiltheendofApril2004，while‘EU25’referstothecurrent25memberstatesofEU．

FromTable1wecanseethatbothEUandChinamadesomeprogressine-government．TheChina’se-governmentreadinessindexincreasedfrom0．416to0．436，anditsglobalrankalsoincreasedfrom74to67．AccordingtoUNDESA[4]---“Improvingaccessofpublicservicestomorethanabillionpeopleat

apacethatplacesitfurtheraheadinglobale-governmentrankingsthanlastyearisamajorfeat．”ButChina’se-readinessindexwasstillbelowthemeanofEUl5（0．734）andEU25（0．681）．FromTable1wecanalsoseethespecificindicators：

China’swebmeasureindex．Thisisthemainfactorleadingtothechangeofe-governmentreadinessindex，whichimprovedfrom0．332to0．405，butstilllaggedbehindthatofEUl5（0．656）and

EU25（0．600），respectively．Bothtelecommunicationinfrastructureindexandhumancapitalindexchangedverylittlefrom2003to2004．EUmemberstatesshowedsoundfoundationofhumancapital，themeanhumancapitalindexofEUl5andEU25were0．966and0．950respectively，higherthanChina（0．790）．AndthegapbetweenChinaandEuropeintelecommunicationinfrastructurewasevenbigger：

it（0．111）wasaround1／5ofEUl5（0．580）and1／4ofEU25（0．493）．

1．2E-participation

Thee-participationindexassessesthequality，usefulnessandrelevancyoftheinformationandservicesandthewillingnessofcountriestoengagecitizensinpublicpolicymakingthroughtheuseofthee-governmentprograms[4]．

Table2E-participationindex：

E-participationindex2003

E-participationindex2004

China

O．069

0．082

0．450

0．448

0．379

0．373

UNDESA，2004

AswecanseefromTable2，duringtheincrementofChina’se-participationindex（from0．069to0．082），bothEUl5andEU25declinedalittle．Nevertheless，thelargegapbetweenChinaandEuropestillexisted．

2WhatCanChinalearnfromEurope?

2．1Settingupanactionplantosupportstrategy

China’sGOPissupposedtobeathree-stageprojectanditsultimateobjectiveistomakegovernmentofficesandagenciesbecomepaperless．TheGOPitselfisanambitiousproject．Nevertheless，thereisnospecificandconsecutiveplantosupportthisproject．

Incomparison，theEuropeanCouncilsetuptheeEuropeactionplanwhichistoensurethatthetargetsofeEuropearereachedbydefiningthenecessarymeasures．Inthee-governmentpart，notonlychallengeandeEuroperesponsearestated，theaction，actorsanddeadlinearealsoclearlydeclared．Table3is

anexampleofconcreteactionplan．

Table3eEuropeactionplan——E·

governmentpart

ActionActor（s）Deadline

Action

Actor（s）

Deadline

Essentialpublicdataonlineincludinglegal，administrativecultural，environmentalandtrafficinformation

Memberstates，supportedbyEuropeanCommission

endof2002

Ensurememberstateselectronicendvisitmainbasicpublicservices

Memberstates

endof2002/2003

Simplifytheonlinebusinessprocedure,quicklybuiltprocedureforestablishmentofacompany

Memberstates，EuropeanCommission

……

eEurope2002actionplan，2000

ComparingwitheEuropeanditsactionplan，China’sGOPlacksofapracticalandconsecutiveschemetoachieveitsaim．Inordertomakefurtherprogress，ChinagovernmentneedstosetupanactionplanlikeeEurope，specifyingtheresponsibilityofeachparticipantanddefiningthenecessarymeasures．

2．2Strengtheningcentralco—ordination

Centralco—ordinationisafeatureofEuropeane-governmentstrategy，whichcanbringstrategiesfromdifferentagenciestogether，ensurecompatibilityandreduceduplication[5]．

EUhasaframeworkfortheexploitationofpublicsectorinformation．Thee-governmentstrategyofeachmemberstateshouldcomplywiththeframework．Inpractice，memberstatesandtheEuropeanCommissionhavebeenco-operatinginthisareathroughtheinterchangeofdatabetweenadministrations（IDA）programmewhichwasusedasabasistodeveloppan-Europeanservicesandexchangebestpractices．Inaddition，newapplicationshavebeendevelopedthroughtheEUframeworkprogramme，whichhavethepotentialtosupportinnovativesolutions[2|．

What’smore，therearealsocentralco-ordinationsystemsinsidethememberstatesofEU．Italy，forexample，launchedanation-widenetworkofregionalcompetencecentres（RCCs）forthedevelopmentofe-governmentatthebeginningof2002．ThegeneralobjectivesofRCCsprojectare：

[5]supportingregionalandlocalactorsindefiningandimplementinge-governmentprogrammesandprojects，whileensuringcoherencewiththenationalstrategy；

identifyinganddevelopingconstruction；

promotingandsupportingcollaborationamongthedifferentlevelsofgovernmentwithinandacrossregions．NowalllocalgovernmentsinChinaarcimplementingGOP，butalackofco—ordinationandstandardizationleadstoalargeamount

ofrepetitivework，wasteofmoneyandeventheformation

ofinformationislands[6]．Ane-governmentcooperationsystemwillsurelyresolvethoseproblemsincertaindegree．

2．3ImprovingtelecommunicationinfrastructureandService

AlthoughChinahasmaderemarkableprogress，ChinaisstillfacedwiththearduoustaskofmodernizingtelecommunicationsinfrastructureandserviceincomparisonwithEU．Oneproblemisthelowpenetration：

untilDecember2004，thepenetrationoffixedphoneandmobilephoneis24％and25％respectively[7]．whilethatofInternetisonly7．3％[8]．Anotherproblemisdisparityoftelecommunicationinfrastructure：

accordingtoMinistryofInformationIndustry（MII）andChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenter（CNNIC），theruraltelephonepenetrationrateisabout13％，and1／3oftheurbanlevel；

Andthepercentageofphonelinesofeast，middleandwesternprovincesis48％，32％and20％，respectively[7]；

whilethepercentageofInternetusersofeast，middleandwesternprovincesis53％，26％and21％，respectively[8|．Soitisclearthatthefundsandtalentsofthetelecommunicationsindustryflowunevenly．

Competition，asexperiencedfromEurope，isaneffective

waytoimprovebasicinfrastructureandservice．Lowerp