lessonsfromthetitanic文档格式.docx

lessonsfromthetitanic文档格式.docx

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shewaslargerat269metresthanmanyofthetallestbuildingsoftheday.Andwithnine

decks,shewasashighasanelevenstoreybuilding.TheTitaniccarried329firstclass,285secondclassand710thirdclasspassengerswith899crewmembers,underthecareoftheveryexperiencedCaptainEdwardJ.Smith.Shealsocarriedenoughfoodtofeedasmalltown,including40,000fresheggs,36,000apples,50,000kilosoffreshmeatand1,000kilosofcoffeeforthefivedayjourney.

RMSTitanicwasbelievedtobeunsinkablebecausethehullwasdividedintosixteenwatertightcompartments.Eveniftwoofthesecompartmentsflooded,theshipcouldstillfloat.Theship’sownerscouldnotimaginethat,inthecaseofanaccident,theTitanicwouldnotbeabletofloatuntilshewasrescued.Itwaslargelyasaresultofthisconfidence

intheshipandinthesafetyofoceantravelthatthedisastercouldclaimsuchagreatlossoflife.

InthetenhourspriortotheTitanic’sfatalcollisionwithanicebergat,sixwarningsoficebergsinherpathwerereceivedbytheTitanic'

swirelessoperators.Onlyoneofthesemessageswasformally

postedonthebridge;

theotherswereinvariouslocationsacrosstheship.Ifthecombinedinformationinthesemessagesoficebergpositionshadbeenplotted,theicefieldwhichlayacrosstheTitanic’spathwouldhavebeenapparent.Instead,thelackofformalproceduresfordealingwithinformationfromarelativelynewpieceoftechnology,thewireless,meantthatthedangerwasnotknownuntiltoolate.ThiswasnotthefaultoftheTitaniccrew.Proceduresfordealingwithwarningsreceivedthroughthe

wirelesshadnotbeenformalizedacrosstheshippingindustryatthetime.

ThefactthatthewirelessoperatorswerenotevenTitaniccrew,butrathercontractedworkersfromawirelesscompany,madetheirroleintheship’s

operationquiteunclear.

CaptainSmith’sseeminglycasualattitudeinincreasingthespeedonthisdaytoadangerous22knotsor41kilometersperhour,canthenbe

partlyexplainedbyhisignoranceofwhatlayahead.Butthisonlypartlyaccountsforhisactions,sincethespringweatherinGreenlandwasknown

tocausehugechunksoficetobreakofffromtheglaciers.CaptainSmithknewthattheseicebergswouldfloatsouthwardandhadalreadyacknowledgedthisdangerbytakingamoresoutherlyroutethanatothertimesoftheyear.SowhywastheTitanictravellingathighspeedwhenheknew,ifnotofthespecificrisk,atleastofthegeneralriskoficebergsinherpathAswiththelackofcoordinationofthewirelessmessages,itwassimplystandardoperatingprocedureatthetime.CaptainSmithwas

followingthepracticesacceptedontheNorthAtlantic,practiceswhichhadcoincidedwithfortyyearsofsafetravel.Hebelieved,wronglyaswenow

know,thattheshipcouldturnorstopintimeifanicebergwassightedbythelookouts.

TherewerearoundtwoandahalfhoursbetweenthetimetheTitanicrammedintotheiceberganditsfinalsubmersion.Inthistime705peoplewereloadedintothetwentylifeboats.Therewere473emptyseats

availableonlifeboatswhileover1,500peopledrowned.Thesefiguresraisetwoimportantissues.Firstly,whytherewerenotenoughlifeboatsto

seateverypassengerandcrewmemberonboard.Andsecondly,whythelifeboatswerenotfull.

TheTitanichadsixteenlifeboatsandfourcollapsibleboatswhichcouldcarryjustoverhalfthenumberofpeopleonboardhermaidenvoyageandonlyathirdoftheTitanic’stotalcapacity.Regulationsforthe

numberoflifeboatsrequiredwerebasedonoutdatedBritishBoardofTraderegulationswrittenin1894forshipsaquarteroftheTitanic’ssize,andhadneverbeenrevised.Undertheserequirements,theTitanicwasonlyobligedtocarryenoughlifeboatstoseat962people.Atdesignmeetingsin1910,theshipyard’smanagingdirector,AlexanderCarlisle,

hadproposedthatfortyeightlifeboatsbeinstalledontheTitanic,buttheideahadbeenquicklyrejectedastooexpensive.Discussionthenturned

totheship’sdé

cor,andasCarlislelaterdescribedtheincident…‘wespenttwohoursdiscussingcarpetforthefirstclasscabinsandfifteenminutesdiscussinglifeboats’.

ThebeliefthattheTitanicwasunsinkablewassostrongthatpassengersandcrewalikeclungtothebeliefevenasshewasactuallysinking.ThisattitudewasnothelpedbyCaptainSmith,whohadnot

acquaintedhisseniorofficerswiththefullsituation.Forthefirsthourafterthecollision,themajorityofpeopleaboardtheTitanic,includingsenior

crew,werenotawarethatshewouldsink,thattherewereinsufficientlifeboatsorthatthenearestshiprespondingtotheTitanic’sdistresscallswouldarrivetwohoursaftershewasonthebottomoftheocean.Asaresult,theofficersinchargeofloadingtheboatsreceivedaveryhalf-heartedresponsetotheirearlycallsforwomenandchildrentoboardthe

lifeboats.Peoplefeltthattheywouldbesafer,andcertainlywarmer,aboardtheTitanicthanperchedinalittleboatintheNorthAtlanticOcean.

Notrealizingthemagnitudeoftheimpendingdisasterthemselves,theofficersallowedseveralboatstobeloweredonlyhalffull.

Proceduresagainwereatfault,asanadditionalreasonfortheofficers’reluctancetolowerthelifeboatsatfullcapacitywasthattheyfearedthelifeboatswouldbuckleundertheweightof65people.Theyhadnotbeeninformedthatthelifeboatshadbeenfullytestedpriortodeparture.Suchproceduresasassigningpassengersandcrewtolifeboatsandlifeboatloadingdrillsweresimplynotpartofthestandardoperationofshipsnorweretheyincludedincrewtrainingatthistime.

AstheTitanicsank,anothership,believedtohavebeentheCalifornian,wasseenmotionlesslessthantwentymilesaway.TheshipfailedtorespondtotheTitanic’seightdistressrockets.Althoughthe

officersoftheCaliforniantriedtosignaltheTitanicwiththeirflashingMorselamp,theydidnotwakeuptheirradiooperatortolistenfora

distresscall.Atthistime,communicationatseathroughwirelesswasnew,andthebenefitsnotwellappreciated,sothewirelessonshipswasoften

notoperatedaroundtheclock.InthecaseoftheCalifornian,thewirelessoperatorsleptunawarewhile1,500Titanicpassengersandcrewdrowned

onlyafewmilesaway.

AftertheTitanicsank,investigationswereheldinbothWashingtonandLondon.Intheend,bothinquiriesdecidedthatnoonecouldbeblamedforthesinking.However,theydidaddressthefundamentalsafetyissueswhichhadcontributedtotheenormouslossoflife.Asaresult,internationalagreementsweredrawnuptoimprovesafetyproceduresatsea.Thenewregulationscovered24hourwirelessoperation,crewtraining,properlifeboatdrills,lifeboatcapacityforallonboardandthecreationofaninternationalicepatrol.

Readingtasktypeone:

summarycompletion

Taskdescription

Theinputforthistypeofquestionwillbeasummaryofallorpartofthe

readingtext.Thesummarywillcontainanumberofgaps.Allofthe

informationinthesummarywillbecontainedinthereadingtext,although

thewordsusedwillbedifferent.Youwillalsobeprovidedwithalistof

wordstousetofillthegaps.Therewillbemorewordsthangaps.These

wordshavebeenchosensothatonlyonewordwillbesuitableforeach

gap（theanswer）butotherwordsmayappearsuitable（distracters）.

Yourtaskistocompletethesummaryusingonewordfromthelistfor

eachgap.Becausethesummaryisaparaphraseofthereadingtext

（ratherthananeditedversion）,youwillneedtohaveagood

understandingoftheoverallmeaningandmainpointsofthesection

summarised,ratherthanadetailedunderstandingofthetext.

Whatisbeingtestedisyourabilityto:

♦=skimthetextforinformation

♦=paraphrasetheoriginaltext

©

1999HolmesglenInstituteofTAFE7

Sampletask

Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfromtheboxatthe

bottomofthepageandwritetheminboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemorewordsthanspacessoyouwillnotusethemall.

Youmayuseanyofthewordsmorethanonce.

ListofWords

passengershappyfloatadvanced

lifeboatsconfidentdangersocean

worriedinadequateenormousexcitement

fasthandbookwaterafloat

recordfastproceduresorders

drownsizesinksafety

TheFinestShipEverBuilt

TheNorthAtlanticOceancrossingontheTitanicwasexpectedtoseta

newstandardfor…

（1）…travelintermsofcomfortand…

（2）…The

shippingindustryhadanexcellentsafety…（3）…ontheNorthAtlantic

Crossingovertheprev