助力高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5Word文件下载.docx
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Thefactthatzebrasarebornblackandonlydevelopstripsastheygrowoldermadethescientiststheorizethatthestripesmaybesomethingtheanimalshavedevelopedtomakethemselveslessattractivetoflies.
Totestifthismaybethecase,theypaintedsomeboardsatahorse-infestedhorsefarminBudapestwithpattensofblackandwhitestripesofvaryingwidthsandappliedalayerofglueonthem.Whattheynoticedwasthattheplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripeswereattheirnarrowest(similartowhatzebrashave)attractedthefewestflies.Theyachievedsimilarresultswhentheypaintedhorseswithblackandwhitezebra-likestripes.
Whiletheresearcharenotsurewhythismaybethecase,theybelieveitmaybesomethingtodowiththewayinsectsoperate---horsefliesareattractedtohorizontallypolarizedlight(偏振光);
sincewhitedoesnotreflectit,whitehorsesareluckierthanblackones.Butzebrasseemtobetheluckiestofall.Whentheresearchersmeasuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins,theyfoundthatitmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies.
Whilethistheorydoesmakelogicalsense,nobodyis100percentsurethatitisreallytrue,giventhatithasneverbeentestedonarealzebra.Ifitistrue,itdoesraisethequestionofwhyahorse,acloserelativeofthezebrahasfailedtodevelopstripes.TheresearchersbelievethatthiscouldbebecausetherearemorehorsefliesinAfrica,wherezebrasreside,thenanywhereelseintheworld.
Title
Zebrashavetheirownbugrepellent?
Reasonsforzebrasdevelopingtheirstrips
Originalbelief[来源:
学+科+网Z+X+X+K][来源:
1][来源:
Z,xx,k.Com]
Withtheblackandwhitelines,onezebraisdifficulttosingleoutwhiletravelingwithaherd,thus___1___itfromitsenemies.[来源:
学。
科。
网Z。
X。
K]
Newtheory
Zebras,residinginAfricawheretherearemosthorsefliesintheworld,havedevelopedstripstoavoidbeing___2____.
Astudy
Researchers
Ateamofscientistsfrom___3____
____4____
Totestifstripsaredevelopedtomakezebraslessattractivetoflies.
Clues
*Whiteorlight-coloredhorsesareless__5___togetbittenthandarkones.
*Zebrasdevelopstripsastheygrowolderthoughbornblack.
Method
*Someboardsatahorsefarmarepaintedwithpattensofblackandwhitestripes___6___wide,alayerofglueappliedonthem
*Measuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins
_____7____
*Theplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripesweresimilartothe___8___zebrashaveattractedthefewestflies
*Stripsofzebrasmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies
Principleofzebras’blackandwhitestripsrepellingtheflies
Horizontallypolarizedlight,whichwhitedoesnotreflect,____9___tohorseflies.
Conclusion
____10___testedonrealzebras,thetheoryisn’tdefinitelytrue.
Possibleanswers:
1.protecting2.attacked3.Sweden4.Purpose5.likely
●variously7.Findings8.ones9.appeals10.Unless
(2)
Thenewyear'
sjustbegunandalreadyyou'
refindingithardtokeepthoseresolutionstojunkthejunkfood,getoffthecouchorkicksmoking.There'
sabiologicalreasonalotofourbadhabitsaresohardtobreak–theygetdeep-rootedinourbrains.
That'
snotanexcusetogiveup.Understandinghowunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rootedhasscientistslearningsometricksthatmayhelpgoodhabitsreplacethebad."
Whyarebadhabitsstronger?
You'
refightingagainstthepowerofanimmediatereward,Weallascreaturesarehard-wiredthatway,togivegreatervaluetoanimmediaterewardthansomethingthat’sdelayed."
saysDr.NoraVolkow,directoroftheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.
Justhowthatbitofhappinessturnsintoahabitinvolvesapleasure-sensingchemicalnameddopamine(多巴胺).Itconditionsthebraintowantthatrewardagainandagain–increasingtheconnectioneachtime–especiallywhenitgetstherightcue(暗示)fromyourenvironment.
Peopletendtooverestimatetheirabilitytoresisttemptationsaroundthem,thusdestroyingattemptstogetridofbadhabits,Evenscientistswhorecognizeitfindithardtoresist."
Idon'
tlikepopcorn.ButeverytimeIgotothecinema,Ihavetoeatit,"
Volkowsays."
It'
sfascinating."
Amovementtopaypeopleforbehaviorchangesmayexploitthatconnection,assomecompaniesofferemployeesoutrightpaymentsorinsurancerebatesforadoptingbetterhabits.Howeverpayingforbehaviorplaysout,researcherssaytherearesomestepsthatmayhelpcounteryourbrain'
sholdonbadhabits:
repeat,repeat,repeatthenewbehavior–thesameroutineatthesametimeofday.Determinedtoexercise?
Doingitatthesametimeofthemorning,ratherthanfittingitinhaphazardly,makesthebrainrecognizethehabitsoeventually.Ifyoudon'
tdoit,youfeelaw
ful,Exerciseitselfraisesdopaminelevels,soeventuallyyourbrainwillgetafeel-goodhitevenifyourmusclesprotest.Rewardyourselfwithsomethingyoureallydesire,Volkowstresses.Youexercisedallweek?
Stucktoyourdiet?
Buyabook,agreatpairofjeans,ortryafancyrestaurant-saferperhapsthanaboxofcookiesbecausethepriceinhibitsthequantity.
Topic
____1___speaking,badhabitsarehardtobreakastheyarerooteddeeplyinourbrains.
Howunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rooted
Allcreatures,includinghumans,havea___2____foranimmediaterewardratherthanwhatisdelayed.
Dopamineconditionsthebraintowantthatreward____3____,turningthatbitofhappinessintoahabit.
Peopleareusuallyunlikelytobe___4____totemptations,thusfailingtogetridofbadhabits.
Howistheconnectiontaken____5_____of
Theknowledgemotivatesscientiststocreatesometricksgettingbadhabitstomake___6____forthegoodones.
Amovement
Companiesrewardemployeesfor____7___upbetterhabits
Stepstohelp____8____badhabits
*Repeatthenewbehaviourata_
__9___timedaily,makingthebrainrecognizethehabiteventually.
*Rewardyourselfwithwhatyouarereally__10___for
1.Biologically2.preference3.repeatedly4.resistant5.advantage
6.way7.picking8.kick/break/drop9.fixed10.desperate/eager/dying
(3)
AnEventofImagination
Theyearis2094.IthasbeenannouncedthatacometisheadingtowardstheEarth.Mostofitwillmissourplanet,buttwopieceswillprobablyhitthesouthernhalfoftheEarth.
On17July,apiecefourkilometerswideenterstheEarth'
satmospherewithamassiveexplosion.Abouthalfofthepieceisdestroyed,buttheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesthespeedofsound.Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed.Hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwardsfromthehole.Thewallofwater,akilometerhigh,rushestowardssouthernAfricaat800kilometersanhour.CitiesontheAfricancoastaretotallydestroyedandmillionsofpeoplearedrowned.BeforethewavesreachSouthAmerica,thesecondpieceofthecometlandsinArgentina.
EarthquakesandvolcanoesaresetoffintheAndesMountains.TheshockwavesmovenorthintoCaliforniaandallaroundthePacificOcean.ThecitiesofLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandTokyoarecompletelydestroyedbyearthquakes.Millionsofpeopleinthesouthernhalfoftheeartharealreadydead,butthenorthwon'
tescapeforlong.Becauseoftheexplosions,thesunishiddenbycloudsofdust,andtemperaturearoundtheworldfallstoalmostzero.Cropsareruined.Thesunwon'
tbeseenagainformanyyears.Warsbreakoutascountriesfightforfood.Ayearlater,nomorethan10millionremainalive.
Coulditreallyhappen?
Infact,ithasalreadyhappenedmorethanonceinthehistoryoftheEarth.Thedinosaurs(恐龙)wereontheEarthforover160millionyears.Then65millionyearsagotheysuddenlydisappeared.ManyscientistsbelievethattheEarthwashitbyapieceofobjectinspace.Thedinosaurscouldn'
tlivethroughthecoldclimatethatfollowedandtheydiedout.Willwemeetthesameend?
请根据以上文章,完成下列表格:
____1_____
Results
TheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlantic200timesas__2___assound.
Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed,from__3____hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwards,.Atsunami(海啸)hitssouthernAfrica,citiesontheAfricancities___4___andmillionsofpeople__5____.
Onepieceofcometfourkilometersin__6__enterstheEarth'
satmosphere,__7___inamassiveexplosion.
Cloudsofdust___8___thesunandthetemperaturefallstoalmostzero,___9__crops.Warsbreakoutforfoodandonly10millionpeopleremain.Thedinosaurscouldn'
tlivethroughthe__10____co
ldclimateandtheydiedout.