KH12.docx

KH12.docx

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KH12

“锁眼”12

（1）采用大型CCD多光谱线阵器件和凝视成像技术，使卫星在取得高几何分辨率的同时还有多光谱成像能力。

其先进的红外相机可提供优秀的夜间侦察能力。

（2）采用镜面曲率计算机控制技术，因而当卫星在高轨道普查或在低轨道详查时，能快速改变镜头焦距，在低轨道有优越的分辨率，而在高轨道则可获得宽的幅宽。

（3）机动能力强，可满足现代战争的需要。

（4）可进行电子侦察。

“锁眼”12可把高清晰度图片传至五角大楼的美国侦察办公室，由电脑进行处理后可用来识别物体运动，且能清楚地显示地面上行驶汽车的车牌号码。

瞬时观测幅度：

40km~50km

地面重复周期：

2天（一对）

轨道：

太阳同步轨道

IMPROVEDCRYSTAL-KH12

TheIMPROVEDCRYSTALcanbeimaginedasaHubbleSpaceTelescope,withalargerocketengineattachedtoprovidemaneuverability.LiketheSpaceTelescope,theIMPROVEDCRYSTALisabout4.5meters（15feet）indiameter,andwithadditionofitsmaneuveringmodule,isover15meters（50feet）long（comparedtothe13meterSpaceTelescope）.ContractorsontheIMPROVEDCRYSTALincludeTRWandLockheed.Thedryweight（minusfuel）oftheIMPROVEDCRYSTALisabout10metrictons,aboutthesameasthetotalweight,includingfuel,oftheKH-11.ThetotalweightoftheIMPROVEDCRYSTALhasgrownsignificantly,fromtheoriginal14tons,tothecurrent18tons.Theadditionalfuel-carryingcapacityaccountsformostoftheincrease,andtheIMPROVEDCRYSTALnowcancarryupto7tonsoffuel.Theprimarydifferencebetweenthe28,000poundKH-11andtheheavierKH-12isthattheadditionalamountofmaneuveringpropellantcarriedontheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL.ThisadditionalpropellantcanbeusedtoprolongtheoperatinglifeoftheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL,tomaneuvertoimprovecoverageofareasontheEarthofparticularinterest,andtomaneuvertoevadeSovietanti-satelliteinterceptors.AlthoughtheKH-12wasoriginallydesignedtobeplaceintoorbit（andperhapsservicedandrefueledinorbit）bytheShuttle,theTitan4isnowtheprimarylaunchvehiclefortheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL.

TheopticalsensorsontheIMPROVEDCRYSTALaresimilartothethoseoftheKH-11.Theseelectroniccamerasprovidereal-timetransmissionofimagestogroundstationsviaMilstarrelaysatellites.TheIMPROVEDCRYSTALsensorsoperateinvisibleandnearinfraredlight,aswellasthermalinfraredtodetectheatsources.Thesesensorsprobablyincorporatelow-light-levelimageintensifierstoprovidenight-timeimages.TheKH-12'shaveaninfraredcapabilitysuperiortothatoftheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL,withtheadvantageininfraredprimarilyforcamouflagedetection,forlookingatburiedstructures,forlookingatdifferentialthermalinertiainthetargetarea,fortryingtodeterminewhichfactoriesareoperatingandwhichfactoriesarenot.

TheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL'ssophisticatedelectronicsprovidessharperimagesthantheKH-11,comparableinqualitytothebestofthefilmreturnsatellites,witharesolutionapproachingtencentimeters.Aperiscope-likerotatingmirrorreflectsimagesontotheprimarymirror,enablingtheKH-12totakepicturesatveryhighanglesofobliquity,imagingobjectshundredsofkilometersawayfromitsflightpath.

AssemblingtheInternationalSpaceStation[ISS]requirescooperationamongtheUnitedStatesanditsfourinternationalpartnersduring44SpaceShuttleflightscommencinginlate1998.ARussianServiceModuleisrequiredtosupporttheISS'sinitialassemblyprocessandon-orbitdevelopment.ContinueddelaysinRussianfundingoftheRSM,requiredforthethirdassemblyphaseoftheISS,raisedconsiderableconcernthroughouttheISScommunity.NASAfundedfeasibilitystudiestoprovidealternatesolutionsandthesestudiesidentifiedarelativelylow-costandlow-riskapproachforanInterimControlModule（ICM）,referredtoastheNavalResearchLaboratory（NRL）Bus.Thisconceptoffersaflight-provendesign,initiallydevelopedastheBusfortheIMPROVEDCRYSTAL,capableofdeliverywithinthetimeframeneededtomaintainISSschedules.TheICMwillprovidereboostandattitudecontrolfortheISSfromassemblyphase2A-7A,andpossibly8A.TheICMisdeployedfromtheSpaceShuttleandmatedwiththeISSattheRussianNode（calledtheFGB）.TheICMprovidesatleastoneyearofpropellantoperationwithagoalofthreeyearsofoperation.

KH-12/1waslaunchedon28November1992byaTitan-4fromVandenberg.

KH-12/2waslaunchedon05December1995byaTitan-4fromVandenberg.

KH-12/3waslaunchedon20December1996byaTitan-4fromVandenberg.

Thespacecraft'smirrorisbelievedtobeaslargeasorlargerthanthatoftheKH-11,believedtohavea2.3meterdiameter.Itmaybeaslargeas4meters.Asapointofcomparison,theHST'smirroris2.4minsize.Jane'sDefenceWeeklyindicatesthatthesecondarymirrorintheCassegrainreflectingtelescopeAreflectingtelescopereflectorisanopticaltelescopewhichusesmirrors,ratherthanlenses,toreflectlight.TheBritishscientistSirIsaacNewtondesignedthefirstreflectorcirca1670.Hedesignedthereflectorinordertosolvetheproblemofcsystemcanbemovedsignificantly,allowingimagestobetakenfromanglesunusualforasatellite.Also,thereareindicationsthatthesat