头晕相关脑解剖小脑Word文档下载推荐.docx

头晕相关脑解剖小脑Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Lobes&

Lobules

∙Anteriorlobe:

o1.Lingula

o2.Centrallobule

o3.Culmen

∙Posteriorlobe:

o4.Declive

o5.Folium

o6.Tuber

o7.Pyramis

o8.Uvula

o9.Tonsil

∙Flocculonodularlobe:

o（10.）Flocculus&

nodulus

Fissures

∙Primaryfissure:

separatesanteriorandposteriorlobes

∙Horizontalfissure:

separatesposteriorlobe’srostrallobules（declive,folium）fromitscaudallobules（tuber,pyramis,uvula,tonsil）

∙Posterolateralfissure:

separatesposteriorandflocculonodularlobes

Connectionswithbrainstem:

∙Superiorcerebellarpeduncleconnectstomidbrain

∙Middlecerebellarpeduncleconnectstopons

∙Inferiorcerebellarpeduncleconnectstomedulla

SectionsoftheCerebellum

Vestibulocerebellumorarchicerebellum

∙Comprisestheflocculonodularlobe

∙Extensiveconnectionswiththevestibularsystem

∙Phylogeneticallyoldest

Spinocerebellumorpaleocerebellum

∙Comprisesthevermis（medial）&

paravermal（intermediate）region

∙Extensiveconnectionswiththespinalcord&

brainstem

∙Phylogeneticallyofintermediateage

Cerebrocerebellumorneocerebellum

∙Compriseslateralportionsofcerebellarhemispheres（excludingparavermalregions）

∙Extensiveconnectionswithcerebralcortexthroughrelaystationsincerebellarnucleianddorsalthalamus

∙Phylogeneticallyyoungest

CEREBELLARPEDUNCLES

Superiorcerebellarpeduncle（brachiumconjunctivum）

∙Connectstomidbrain

∙Afferents:

onlyventralspinocerebellartract

∙Efferents:

∙Mostoftheefferentsfromthecerebellum

∙Alloftheefferentsfromthree（outoffour）pairsofnuclei:

dentate,emboliform,andglobose

Middlecerebellarpeduncle（brachiumpontis）

∙Connectstopons

fromcerebralcortex（“corticoponto-cerebellarsystem”）.

∙Corticopontineprojections（originatinginthecerebralcortex）synapseinipsilateralbasalpons. 

Fromthere,mostpontocerebellarprojectionsdecussate,passthroughmiddlecerebellarpeduncleandentercerebellum.

∙Asmallnumberremainipsilateral.

none.

Inferiorcerebellarpeduncle（“corpusrestiform”or“restiformbody”）

Connectstomedulla

∙Twocomponents:

∙Restiformbody

oAfferents:

▪Ascendingspinalproprioceptivefibersfromthreeofthespinocerebellartracts（dorsal,rostral,andcuneocerebellar）

▪Ascendingfibersfromcontralateralinferiorolivarynucleitocerebellarcortex（olivocerebellarprojections）

▪Reciprocalconnectionswithmotorreticularformationandspinocerebellum（paleocerebellum）:

reticulocerebellarandcerebelloreticularprojections

∙Juxtarestiformbody

oMostlycontainsreciprocalconnectionstoandfromvestibulocerebellum（archicerebellum）andvermalportionofspinocerebellum（paleocerebellum）:

vestibulocerebellarandcerebellovestibularfibers

CerebellarNuclei

Fastigialnucleus

∙Location:

Roofofthe4thventricle

∙Associatedwiththevestibulocerebellum（archicerebellum）

oVestibulocerebellum

oVermis

oViainferiorcerebellarpeduncle

oTothevestibularnuclei

oSomeprojectdirectlytotheipsilateralside

oSomedecussate,looparoundsuperiorcerebellarpeduncleandreachthevestibularandreticularformationviatheuncinatebundleofRussell

Function:

∙Controlsantigravitymuscles

∙Controlsproximalmusclesofstance（station）&

walking（ambulation）

Globoseandemboliform（the“interposednuclei”）

Roofofthe4thventricle,slightlylateraltothefastigialnuclei

Paravermianregionofspinocerebellum（paleocerbellum）

Viasuperiorcerebellarpeduncletocontralateralrednucleus

∙Function:

oMainlyinvolvedinmodulationofstretchreflexes

▪Distalmuscles

Dentatenucleus

Deepwithincerebellarwhitematter

∙Largestcerebellarnuclei

oPurkinjecellsofentirecerebrocerebellum（neocerebellum）andpartofspinocerebellum（paleocerebellum）

oPremotor&

supplementarymotorcorticesviapontocerbellarsystem

oThroughsuperiorcerebellarpeduncle;

crosstocontralateralrednucleus&

thenonventrolateralnucleusofthalamus

oHelpstoinitiateandcontrolvolitionalmovements

Vestibularnucleus

∙“Displaced”cerebellarnuclei

∙Closelyassociatedwithvestibulocerebellum（archicerebellum）

∙Maintaingazefixation

∙Maintainuprightposture

CEREBELLARHistology:

CorticalLayers

∙Molecularlayer（outermostlayer）contains:

oCellbodies:

stellatecells,basketcells

oCellprocesses:

dendritesofthePurkinjecells,dendritesofGolgicells,axons（parallelfibers）ofgranulecells,axonsofstellatecells

oPurkinjelayer（middlelayer）contains:

onlyPurkinjecells

dendritesofGolgicells,axonsofbasketcells

∙Granularcelllayer（innermostlayer）contains:

o1x1011neurons（moreneuronsthanentirecerebralcortex!

）

granulecells,Golgicells

dendritesofGolgicells,axons（Purkinjecell,granulecell,Golgicell,climbingfibers,mossyfibers）,glomeruli（bulbousexpansionsofmossyfiberswheresynapticcontactwithgranulecellsandGolgicellsismade

Histology:

CellTypes

∙Purkinje

∙Granule

∙Golgi（interneuron）

∙Basket（interneuron）

∙Stellate（interneuron）

PurkinjeCells

LargestcellsinCNS（cellbody=60-90µ

mindiameter）

Cellbody

∙InPurkinjecelllayer

∙Inhibitorysynapse（GABA）frombasketcells

∙Excitatorysynapse（aspartate）fromasingleclimbingfiber

Dendrite

∙Inmolecularlayer

∙Dendriticarboris“planar,”orientedinarostrocaudalplane

∙Inhibitorysynapses（GABA&

taurine）fromstellatecells

∙Excitatorysynapses（glutamate）fromgranulecells’parallelfibers. 

Over200,000mossyfibersindirectly（throughGolgicell,thengranulecell）exciteeachPurkinjecell

Axon

∙Theonlyprojectionsthatexitthecerebellarcortex

∙Mostlyprojecttocerebellarnuclei（toallfour）;

somefibersprojecttovestibularnucleiinbrainstem

∙Formsinhibitorysynapses（GABA）

∙Oftenalsoreleasesapeptidecotransmitter

GranuleCells

1x1011granulecells（moreneuronsthanentirecerebralcortex!

）

∙Locatedingranulecelllayer

∙Inhibitorysynapse（GABA）fromGolgicells

∙Projectsfromgranulecelllayer,throughPurkinjecelllayer,uptomolecularlayer,whereitformsparallelfibers（whichareorientedinahorizontalplane,paralleltothecerebellarfolia）

∙Formsexcitatorysynapses（glutamate）onGolgi,basketandstellatecell

GolgiCells

∙Interneuron

∙Cellbodylocatedingranulecelllayer

∙Dendritesinallthreelayers,receivingexcitatorystimuli

∙Granulecells’parallelfibersformexcitatorysynapses（glutamate）inmolecularlayer

∙Climbingfibers（frominferiorolivarynucleus）formexcitatorysynapses（aspartate）inmolecularlayer

∙Mossyfibers

oformexcitatorysynapses（acetylcholine）ingranulecelllayer

oarrivefromspinocerebellarpathway,vestibularafferents,brainstemreticularformation,cerebropontocerebellarsystem’spontocerebellarprojections

oformthesinglelargestinputtocerebellum

oindirectlyexcitePurkinjecells（incontrasttoclimbingfibers,whichdirectlyexcitePurkinjecells）

oAxonsprojectswithinthegranulecelllayerontogranulecells,forminginhibitorysynapses（GABA）,therebyactingasa“brake”totheexcitationofgranulecells;

itcurtailsthedurationofexcitation

BasketCells

oCellbodylocatedinmolecularlayer

oNamederivesfromthefactthatitsaxonsform“basket-like”terminalarborsaroundsomaofPurkinjecells

∙Dendrites

oOrientedinrostrocaudalplane（perpendiculartofolia）

oReceiveexcitatorystimuli（glutamate）fromgranulecells’parallelfibers

∙Axons

oProjectfrommolecularcelllayertoPurkinjecelllayer

oForminhibitorysynapses（GABA）withPurkinjecellbody

StellateCells

oProjectwithinthemolecularlayer

oForminhibitorysynapses（GABAandtaurine）onPurkinjecelldendrites

CerebellarCircuits

MossyFiberSystem

∙Largestinputtocerebellum（99%）,mostofwhicharefromcerebropontocerebellarsystem（mostlyfrom1˚&

2˚motorareasand1˚somatosensoryarea）

∙Formexcitatorysynapses（acetylcholine）

∙Severalaffer