语言学文档格式.docx
《语言学文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学文档格式.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Itreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe”situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.
5.意义Sense
It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.
6.所指意义Reference
Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
7.同义词Synonymy
Itreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
8.多义词Polysemy
Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
Itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
10.同音异义Homophones
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound.e.g.rain/reign.
11.同形异义Homographs
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform.e.g.tearv./tearn.
12.上下义关系Hyponymy
Itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.
13.反义词Antonymy
It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.
14.成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis----分析词汇抽象意义
It’sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.
thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.
15.述谓结构分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出
It’sanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.
Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.
通过对论元argument和谓语predicate的分析,达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种。
16.先设前提Presupposition
It’sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresupposesB.
17.蕴涵Entailment
EntailmentcanbeillustratedbythefollowingtowsentencesinwhichsentenceAentailssentenceB.
A:
Markmarriedablondeheiress.
B:
Markmarriedablonde.
Chapter6pragmatics
一、定义
1.Pragmatics:
thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
2.Thedistinguishbetweensemanticsandpragmatics:
whetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.
1.语境Context
Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage,it’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
3.Sentencemeaning(句子意义):
studiedastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.
4.Utterancemeaning(话语意义):
isbasedonsentencemeaning;
itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.
2.言语行为理论Speechacttheory
Speechacttheory:
isanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.
Thedistinctionbetweenconstatives(叙事话语)andperformatives(行事话语):
constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable;
performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.
AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:
locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.
3.叙述句Constatives
Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiableanditbearingthetruth-value.;
4.行为句Performatives
Performativesaresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.
5.言内行为LocutionaryAct
Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.it’stheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
6.言外行为IllcotionaryAct
Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionit’stheactperformedinsayingsomething.
7.言后行为PerlocutionaryAct
PerlocuationaryActistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
FivetypesofSearl:
a:
Representatives:
statingordescribing,sayingthatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.
directives:
tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.
b:
Commissives:
committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.
c:
Expressives:
expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.
d:
Declarations:
bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.
8.合作原则CooperativePrinciple
It’sproposedandformulatedbyP.Grice,apragmatichypothesis,isaboutthattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.
9.会话含义Conversationalimplicatures
AccordingtoP.Grice,itreferstotheextrameaningnotcontainedinthutterance,understandabletothelisteneronlywhenhesharesthespeaker’sknowledgeorknowswhyandhowheviolatesintentionallyoneofthefourmaximsoftheCP.
话语的言外之义是说话人通过故意违反某一准则而获得这种听者能懂的暗含之意。
5.Thefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:
a.themaximofquantity(数量):
你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求
A.makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.
B.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreimformativethanisrequired.
b.themaximofquality(质量)不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话
C.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
D.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
c.themaximofrelation(关系):
berelevant.使你的话与话题相关berelevant
d.Themaximofmanner(方式):
避免模糊、歧义,应简明有序
avoidobscurityofexpression
avoidambiguity
bebrief
beorderly
chapter7languagechange
1.Soundchange:
soundchangestendtobesystematic;
itispossibletoseearegularpatternofpronunciationchangesthroughoutthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.
2.Morphologicalandsyntacticchange
a.changein“agreementrule”
b.changeinnegationrule
c.processofsimplification:
theremaybealossofgrammaticaldistinctions,throughaprocessofsimplification.
d.Lossofinflections:
3.Vocabularychangeinclude:
a.additionofnewwords
b.lossofwords
c.changesinthemeaningofwords.
4.Additionofnewwords:
a.coinage:
anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.
b.Clippedwords(省略词):
theabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.
c.Blending(混合词):
awordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
d.Acronyms(大写字母词):
wordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.
e.Back-formation(逆构词):
Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.
f.Functionalshift:
wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.
g.Borrowing(外来词):
whendifferentculturescomeintocontact,wordsareoften“borrowed”fromonelanguagetoanother.Theloanwordmaylabelanewconcept,oritmayreplaceorbecomeasynonymofanativeword.
5.Lossofwords
6.Changesinthemeaningofwords:
a.wideningofmeaning:
b.narrowingofmeaning
c.meaningshift
7.theinfluenceofscienceandtechnology
a.spacetravel
b.computerandinternetlanguage
c.ecology:
thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenplants,animals,people,andtheirenvironment,andthebalancesbetweentheserelationships.
Chapter8Languageandsociety
1.sociolinguistics:
sub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.
2.Indicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety:
a.whilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.
b.Usersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.
c.Tosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.
2.Speechcommunity:
insociolinguisticstudies,speakersareregardedasmembersofsocialgroups.Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.
3.Speechvariety:
orlanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.
4.
5.Regionaldialect:
alinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.
6.Social-classdialect:
orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.
7.Idiolect:
apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.
8.Ethnicdialect:
asocialdialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences;
itis