ethical problemsjournalists英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx
《ethical problemsjournalists英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ethical problemsjournalists英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx(24页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
is
regulated
in
Britain
and/or
United
States?
5)What
ethical
problems
facing
journalists
today?
6)What
Chinese
American
or
British
7)How
do
you
think
will
develop
future?
8)
What
similarities
education
education?
9
)
Compare
two
articles
from
different
new
publications
(at
least
one
English)
about
either
European
financial
crisis;
2012
presidential
election
Syria.
articles?
Essay
length
should
be
1500-1800
words.
Please
not
write
more
than
1800
words!
You
assessed
for
English
writing
skills,
ideas
use
professional
vocabulary.
Deadline
Friday
22nd
June.
Theymakeorhidethenews.
Ifthemediadoesnotwantastorytobecomeknown,theyburyitinthemidstoftheirpaperorprogramorjustoutrightignoreit.
OneyearintotheIraqWar,abig-namereporterwaslisteningtoanArmyCaptainexplainthemilitary’saccomplishmentsinbuildingabetterIraq.
Cleanwater,electricity,suppliesfororphanages&
schools-oftenraisedbythemilitarythemselves,...
Iforgetwhoitwas(PeterJennings,TomBrokaw,orBrianWilliams,StonePhilips)saystotheCaptain,
"
That’sgreat,howdoesyourstorygetout"
.
ThengenocideintheSudanorNatalieHolloway.
Nocontest,Wherewouldyouratherspendexpenseaccountmoney?
Whichplacehastheairconditionedhotels&
barswithtopqualitybooze.
AftertheClintonimpeachmentfiasco,somejournalistsblameClintonfordistractingthemfromtheimportantissueintheBalkans.
Whoaretheytryingtofool?
Ididn'
tneedtoseeKenStarrcarryingouthisgarbage(realhouseholdwaste-notthemediacircus)
everymorningastheleadstoryonthenationalnews.
ImeanABC,CBS,&
NBCintheirhalfhourtimeslot.
Again,wheredoyouwanttospendyourexpenseaccountmonies,
WashingtonDCorKosovo?
Britney,MichaelJackson,Paris,Lindsey,adnauseumfillsourpapers&
airwaves.
Ifitisnotthatitisbiases.
Apublisheroncesaid,"
Idon'
tcareifmyreportersaremakinglovetotheelephants,butiftheyare,theywillnotbeassignedtoreportonthecircus"
Thiswaswhenthemediareportedonthenews,notshapedittopresenttheirviews.
5ideasforyou...
1.Thedemandfornewsvs.theriskstoour
menandwomen
ofembeddingjournalistswiththetroops.
2.Thedemandfornewswithsizzlethatsellsvs.thevalueofnewsanalysis;
e.g.,the10pm/11pmnewsvs.theLehrerNewsHour
3.Theethicalboundstogettingthebreakingstory;
e.g.,embeddingajournalistwithaterrorgroup
4.Definingtheboundsbetweentelling
allsidesofastoryvs.presentingaone-sidedpseudopropagandapiece
5.Ensuringthatheart-andgut-wrenchingphotojournalismdoesn'
tbecomeone-sidedpropaganda
Ideas4and5areofspecialinteresttomeastheywalktofuzzyareabetweenthenewsandpropaganda.
Ifyouneedreadydataonthis,gotocoverageofIsraelandthePalestinians.
Oddlyenough,themostbalancedreportingIhavefoundcomesnotfromoutsidetheregionbutfrom1Israelinewspaper.
Attheriskofgeneralizing,Arab,European,andUKmediatendtoweighinononesideofthesituation.
MostUSmediaweighinontheotherside.SometopqualityjournalismcomesfromBBCcoverageofworldnews.
Yet,onthissubject,youwillfindthemalongwiththeGuardian,andeventheIndependentasreasonablysystematicallybiasedagainstIsrael.
Ifthatwereallyoureadforinformation,itisnowonderyoumightbeone-sidedinyourpoliticalviews.
Hopethishelps.
Bytheway,whatnamedidyouendupgoingwithonyourotherproject?
Relationshipwithfreedomofthepress
Incountrieswithout
freedomofthepress,themajorityofpeoplewhoreportthenewsmaynotfollowtheabove-describedstandardsofjournalism.Non-freemediaareoftenprohibitedfromcriticizingthenationalgovernment,andinmanycasesarerequiredtodistribute
propaganda
asifitwerenews.Variousotherformsof
censorship
mayrestrictreportingonissuesthegovernmentdeemssensitive.
Variations,violations,andcontroversies
Thereareanumberoffinerpointsofjournalisticprocedurethatfosterdisagreementsinprincipleandvariationinpracticeamong"
mainstream"
journalistsinthefreepress.Lawsconcerninglibelandslandervaryfromcountrytocountry,andlocaljournalisticstandardsmaybetailoredtofit.Forexample,the
UnitedKingdom
hasabroaderdefinitionoflibelthandoesthe
UnitedStates.
Accuracyisimportantasacorevalueandtomaintaincredibility,butespeciallyinbroadcastmedia,audienceshareoftengravitatestowardoutletsthatarereportingnewinformationfirst.Differentorganizationsmaybalancespeedandaccuracyindifferentways.The
NewYorkTimes,forinstance,tendstoprintlonger,moredetailed,lessspeculative,andmorethoroughlyverifiedpiecesadayortwolaterthanmanyothernewspapers.[citationneeded]
24-hourtelevisionnewsnetworkstendtoplacemuchmoreemphasisongettingthe"
scoop."
Here,viewersmayswitchchannelsatamoment'
snotice;
withfiercecompetitionforratingsandalargeamountofairtimetofill,freshmaterialisveryvaluable.Becauseofthefastturn-around,reportersforthesenetworksmaybeunderconsiderabletimepressure,whichreducestheirabilitytoverifyinformation.
Lawswithregardtopersonal
privacy,officialsecrets,andmediadisclosureofnamesandfactsfrom
criminal
casesandcivil
lawsuits
differwidely,andjournalisticstandardsmayvaryaccordingly.Differentorganizationsmayhavedifferentanswerstoquestionsaboutwhenitisjournalisticallyacceptabletoskirt,circumvent,orevenbreaktheseregulations.Anotherexampleofdifferencessurroundingharmreductionisthereportingofpreliminaryelectionresults.IntheUnitedStates,somenewsorganizationsfeelthatitisharmfultothedemocraticprocesstoreportexitpollresultsorpreliminaryreturnswhilevotingisstillopen.Suchreportsmayinfluencepeoplewhovotelaterintheday,orwhoareinwesterntimezones,intheirdecisionsabouthowandwhetherornottovote.Thereisalsosomeconcernthatsuchpreliminaryresultsareofteninaccurateandmaybemisleadingtothepublic.Otheroutletsfeelthatthisinformationisavitalpartofthetransparencyoftheelectionprocess,andseenoharm(ifnotconsiderablebenefit)inreportingit.
Examplesofethicaldilemmas
Oneoftheprimaryfunctionsofjournalismethicsistoaidjournalistsindealingwithmany
ethicaldilemmas
theymayencounter.Fromhighlysensitiveissuesof
nationalsecurity
toeverydayquestionssuchasacceptingadinnerfromasource,puttingabumperstickeronone'
scar,publishingapersonalopinion
blog,ajournalistmustmakedecisionstakingintoaccountthingssuchasthepublic'
srighttoknow,potentialthreats,reprisalsandintimidationsofallkinds,personalintegrity,conflictsbetweeneditors,reportersandpublishersormanagement,andmanyothersuchconundra.Thefollowingareillustrationsofsomeofthose.
▪The
PentagonPapers
dealtwithextremelydifficultethicaldilemmasfacedbyjournalists.Despitegovernmentintervention,
TheWashingtonPost,joinedby
TheNewYorkTimes,feltthepublicinterestwasmorecompellingandbothpublishedreports.(ThecaseswenttotheSupremeCourtwheretheyweremergedandareknownas
NewYorkTimesCo.v.UnitedStates,403U.S.713.[20]
▪TheWashingtonPost
alsooncepublishedastoryaboutalisteningdevicethatthe
UnitedStates
hadinstalledoveranundersea
Soviet
cableduringtheheightofthe
coldwar.ThedeviceallowedtheUnitedStatestolearnwhereSovietsubmarineswerepositioned.Inthatcase,PostExecutiveEditor
BenBradlee
chosenottorunthestoryon
grounds.However,theSovietssubsequentlydiscoveredthedeviceand,accordingtoBradlee,"
Itwasnolongeramatterofnationalsecurity.Itwasamatterofnationalembarrassment."
However,theU.S.governmentstillwantedTheWashingtonPostnottorunthestoryonthebasisofnationalsecurity,yet,accordingtoBradlee,"
Weranthestory.Andyouknowwhat,thesunrosethenextday."
[21]
CenterforInternationalMediaEthics,aninternationalnon-profitorganisation"
offersplatformformediaprofessionalstofollowcurrentethicaldilemmasofthepress"
throughitsblog.Besideshighlightingtheethicalconcernsofrecentstories,journalistsareencourgaedtoexpresstheirownopinion.Theorganisation"
urgesjournaliststomaketheirownjudgmentsandidentifytheirownstrategies."
[22]
EthicsAdviceLineforJournalists,ajointventure,publicserviceprojectofChicagoHeadlineClubChapteroftheSocietyofProfessionalJournalistsand
LoyolaUniversityChicagoCenterforEthicsandSocialJustice,providessomeexamplesoftypicalethicaldilemmasreportedtotheirethicaldilemmahotlineandaretypicalofthekindsofquestionsfacedbymanyprofessionaljournalists.
ApartiallistingofquestionsreceivedbyTheEthicsAdviceLine:
[23]
▪Isitethicaltomakeanappointmenttointerviewanarsonistsoughtbypolice,withoutinformingpoliceinadvanceoftheinterview?
▪Islackofproperattributionplagiarism?
▪Shouldareporterwriteastorya