ethical problemsjournalists英语论文Word格式文档下载.docx

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is 

regulated 

in 

Britain 

and/or 

United 

States?

５）What 

ethical 

problems 

facing 

journalists 

today?

６）What 

Chinese 

American 

or 

British 

７）How 

do 

you 

think 

will 

develop 

future?

８） 

What 

similarities 

education 

education?

9 

） 

Compare 

two 

articles 

from 

different 

new 

publications 

（at 

least 

one 

English） 

about 

either 

European 

financial 

crisis;

2012 

presidential 

election 

Syria. 

articles?

Essay 

length 

should 

be 

1500-1800 

words. 

Please 

not 

write 

more 

than 

1800 

words!

You 

assessed 

for 

English 

writing 

skills, 

ideas 

use 

professional 

vocabulary. 

Deadline 

Friday 

22nd 

June.

Theymakeorhidethenews.

Ifthemediadoesnotwantastorytobecomeknown,theyburyitinthemidstoftheirpaperorprogramorjustoutrightignoreit.

OneyearintotheIraqWar,abig-namereporterwaslisteningtoanArmyCaptainexplainthemilitary’saccomplishmentsinbuildingabetterIraq. 

Cleanwater,electricity,suppliesfororphanages&

schools-oftenraisedbythemilitarythemselves,...

Iforgetwhoitwas（PeterJennings,TomBrokaw,orBrianWilliams,StonePhilips）saystotheCaptain, 

"

That’sgreat,howdoesyourstorygetout"

. 

ThengenocideintheSudanorNatalieHolloway. 

Nocontest,Wherewouldyouratherspendexpenseaccountmoney?

Whichplacehastheairconditionedhotels&

barswithtopqualitybooze.

AftertheClintonimpeachmentfiasco,somejournalistsblameClintonfordistractingthemfromtheimportantissueintheBalkans. 

Whoaretheytryingtofool?

Ididn'

tneedtoseeKenStarrcarryingouthisgarbage（realhouseholdwaste-notthemediacircus） 

everymorningastheleadstoryonthenationalnews. 

ImeanABC,CBS,&

NBCintheirhalfhourtimeslot.

Again,wheredoyouwanttospendyourexpenseaccountmonies, 

WashingtonDCorKosovo?

Britney,MichaelJackson,Paris,Lindsey,adnauseumfillsourpapers&

airwaves. 

Ifitisnotthatitisbiases. 

Apublisheroncesaid,"

Idon'

tcareifmyreportersaremakinglovetotheelephants,butiftheyare,theywillnotbeassignedtoreportonthecircus"

Thiswaswhenthemediareportedonthenews,notshapedittopresenttheirviews.

5ideasforyou...

1.Thedemandfornewsvs.theriskstoour 

menandwomen 

ofembeddingjournalistswiththetroops.

2.Thedemandfornewswithsizzlethatsellsvs.thevalueofnewsanalysis;

e.g.,the10pm/11pmnewsvs.theLehrerNewsHour

3.Theethicalboundstogettingthebreakingstory;

e.g.,embeddingajournalistwithaterrorgroup

4.Definingtheboundsbetweentelling 

allsidesofastoryvs.presentingaone-sidedpseudopropagandapiece

5.Ensuringthatheart-andgut-wrenchingphotojournalismdoesn'

tbecomeone-sidedpropaganda

Ideas4and5areofspecialinteresttomeastheywalktofuzzyareabetweenthenewsandpropaganda. 

Ifyouneedreadydataonthis,gotocoverageofIsraelandthePalestinians. 

Oddlyenough,themostbalancedreportingIhavefoundcomesnotfromoutsidetheregionbutfrom1Israelinewspaper. 

Attheriskofgeneralizing,Arab,European,andUKmediatendtoweighinononesideofthesituation. 

MostUSmediaweighinontheotherside.SometopqualityjournalismcomesfromBBCcoverageofworldnews. 

Yet,onthissubject,youwillfindthemalongwiththeGuardian,andeventheIndependentasreasonablysystematicallybiasedagainstIsrael. 

Ifthatwereallyoureadforinformation,itisnowonderyoumightbeone-sidedinyourpoliticalviews.

Hopethishelps. 

Bytheway,whatnamedidyouendupgoingwithonyourotherproject?

Relationshipwithfreedomofthepress

Incountrieswithout 

freedomofthepress,themajorityofpeoplewhoreportthenewsmaynotfollowtheabove-describedstandardsofjournalism.Non-freemediaareoftenprohibitedfromcriticizingthenationalgovernment,andinmanycasesarerequiredtodistribute 

propaganda 

asifitwerenews.Variousotherformsof 

censorship 

mayrestrictreportingonissuesthegovernmentdeemssensitive.

Variations,violations,andcontroversies

Thereareanumberoffinerpointsofjournalisticprocedurethatfosterdisagreementsinprincipleandvariationinpracticeamong"

mainstream"

journalistsinthefreepress.Lawsconcerninglibelandslandervaryfromcountrytocountry,andlocaljournalisticstandardsmaybetailoredtofit.Forexample,the 

UnitedKingdom 

hasabroaderdefinitionoflibelthandoesthe 

UnitedStates.

Accuracyisimportantasacorevalueandtomaintaincredibility,butespeciallyinbroadcastmedia,audienceshareoftengravitatestowardoutletsthatarereportingnewinformationfirst.Differentorganizationsmaybalancespeedandaccuracyindifferentways.The 

NewYorkTimes,forinstance,tendstoprintlonger,moredetailed,lessspeculative,andmorethoroughlyverifiedpiecesadayortwolaterthanmanyothernewspapers.[citationneeded] 

24-hourtelevisionnewsnetworkstendtoplacemuchmoreemphasisongettingthe"

scoop."

Here,viewersmayswitchchannelsatamoment'

snotice;

withfiercecompetitionforratingsandalargeamountofairtimetofill,freshmaterialisveryvaluable.Becauseofthefastturn-around,reportersforthesenetworksmaybeunderconsiderabletimepressure,whichreducestheirabilitytoverifyinformation.

Lawswithregardtopersonal 

privacy,officialsecrets,andmediadisclosureofnamesandfactsfrom 

criminal 

casesandcivil 

lawsuits 

differwidely,andjournalisticstandardsmayvaryaccordingly.Differentorganizationsmayhavedifferentanswerstoquestionsaboutwhenitisjournalisticallyacceptabletoskirt,circumvent,orevenbreaktheseregulations.Anotherexampleofdifferencessurroundingharmreductionisthereportingofpreliminaryelectionresults.IntheUnitedStates,somenewsorganizationsfeelthatitisharmfultothedemocraticprocesstoreportexitpollresultsorpreliminaryreturnswhilevotingisstillopen.Suchreportsmayinfluencepeoplewhovotelaterintheday,orwhoareinwesterntimezones,intheirdecisionsabouthowandwhetherornottovote.Thereisalsosomeconcernthatsuchpreliminaryresultsareofteninaccurateandmaybemisleadingtothepublic.Otheroutletsfeelthatthisinformationisavitalpartofthetransparencyoftheelectionprocess,andseenoharm（ifnotconsiderablebenefit）inreportingit.

Examplesofethicaldilemmas

Oneoftheprimaryfunctionsofjournalismethicsistoaidjournalistsindealingwithmany 

ethicaldilemmas 

theymayencounter.Fromhighlysensitiveissuesof 

nationalsecurity 

toeverydayquestionssuchasacceptingadinnerfromasource,puttingabumperstickeronone'

scar,publishingapersonalopinion 

blog,ajournalistmustmakedecisionstakingintoaccountthingssuchasthepublic'

srighttoknow,potentialthreats,reprisalsandintimidationsofallkinds,personalintegrity,conflictsbetweeneditors,reportersandpublishersormanagement,andmanyothersuchconundra.Thefollowingareillustrationsofsomeofthose.

▪The 

PentagonPapers 

dealtwithextremelydifficultethicaldilemmasfacedbyjournalists.Despitegovernmentintervention, 

TheWashingtonPost,joinedby 

TheNewYorkTimes,feltthepublicinterestwasmorecompellingandbothpublishedreports.（ThecaseswenttotheSupremeCourtwheretheyweremergedandareknownas 

NewYorkTimesCo.v.UnitedStates,403U.S.713.[20]

▪TheWashingtonPost 

alsooncepublishedastoryaboutalisteningdevicethatthe 

UnitedStates 

hadinstalledoveranundersea 

Soviet 

cableduringtheheightofthe 

coldwar.ThedeviceallowedtheUnitedStatestolearnwhereSovietsubmarineswerepositioned.Inthatcase,PostExecutiveEditor 

BenBradlee 

chosenottorunthestoryon 

grounds.However,theSovietssubsequentlydiscoveredthedeviceand,accordingtoBradlee,"

Itwasnolongeramatterofnationalsecurity.Itwasamatterofnationalembarrassment."

However,theU.S.governmentstillwantedTheWashingtonPostnottorunthestoryonthebasisofnationalsecurity,yet,accordingtoBradlee,"

Weranthestory.Andyouknowwhat,thesunrosethenextday."

[21]

CenterforInternationalMediaEthics,aninternationalnon-profitorganisation"

offersplatformformediaprofessionalstofollowcurrentethicaldilemmasofthepress"

throughitsblog.Besideshighlightingtheethicalconcernsofrecentstories,journalistsareencourgaedtoexpresstheirownopinion.Theorganisation"

urgesjournaliststomaketheirownjudgmentsandidentifytheirownstrategies."

[22]

EthicsAdviceLineforJournalists,ajointventure,publicserviceprojectofChicagoHeadlineClubChapteroftheSocietyofProfessionalJournalistsand 

LoyolaUniversityChicagoCenterforEthicsandSocialJustice,providessomeexamplesoftypicalethicaldilemmasreportedtotheirethicaldilemmahotlineandaretypicalofthekindsofquestionsfacedbymanyprofessionaljournalists.

ApartiallistingofquestionsreceivedbyTheEthicsAdviceLine:

[23]

▪Isitethicaltomakeanappointmenttointerviewanarsonistsoughtbypolice,withoutinformingpoliceinadvanceoftheinterview?

▪Islackofproperattributionplagiarism?

▪Shouldareporterwriteastorya