大二上语法知识整理Word格式.docx

大二上语法知识整理Word格式.docx

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But:

Thesubjunctivehasonlytwoforms:

were,be（remnantsofOldEnglish）

（2）Theradicalview:

ThereisnomoodatallasagrammaticalcategoryoftheverbinEnglish.

Thepasttenseinunrealconditionalsisthehypotheticaluseofthepasttense.

wereusedtobetheregularpasttenseformof“be”.

beisthepresenttenseformofthesecondperson.

【Meaningsandusesofthebe-subjunctive】

1.Thebe-subjunctiveexpressesindirectimperatives（indirectcommand/decision/suggestion）inthethat-clausesafterwordsdenotingcommand,decision,suggestion,importance,necessity,etc.（includingverbs,nounsandadjectives）.

例句：

Heorderedthatshecomebackwithoutdelay.

TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston.

Itisessentialthatallthefactsbeexaminedfirst.

Comparethefollowing:

a.Heorderedthatsheshouldcomebackwithoutdelay.

b.Heorderedhertocomebackwithoutdelay.

a.Theboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagent

shouldflytoBoston.

b.Theboardhasgiveninstructionsfortheagenttofly

toBoston.

a.Itisessentialthatallthefactsshouldbeexaminedfirst.

b.Itisessentialforallthefactstobeexaminedfirst.

Herredfacesuggeststhatsheisangry.

Heinsistedthatshewaswrong.

Itisoddthathehasfailed/shouldhavefailedagain.

2.Thebe-subjunctiveexpresseshypotheticalimperatives（hypotheticalcondition/concession）inadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whether,whatever,lest,solongas,etc.Thisuseofthebe-subjunctiveislimitedtoformalstyle.Ininformalstyletheindicativemoodor“should/may+infinitive”isusedinstead.

a.Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.

b.Iftherumoristrue,everythingispossible.

a.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.

b.Whateverhisdefensemaybe,wecannot

toleratehisdisloyalty.

a.Hehidhimselfinthebushlesthebeseen.

b.Hehidhimselfinthebushlestheshouldbeseen.

3.Thebe-subjunctiveexpressesimperativewishes,prayers,curses,etc.insomeformulaicexpressions.

LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!

Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.

Homeishome,beiteversohomely.

Behefriendorenemy,thelawregardshimascriminal.

Hewillremainhereifneedbe.

【Meaningsandusesofthewere-subjunctive】

1.Thewere-subjunctiveexpresseshypotheticalcondition,concessionandmannerinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,ifonly,asif,asthough,etc.

2.Thewere-subjunctiveexpresseshypothesesinnominalclausesafterverbslikewish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine,etc.

Wereisreplacedbywasafterthethirdpersonsingularexceptinsomeformulaicexpressions

informalstyle.

WereItodoit,Ishouldtryadifferentway.

IfIwereyou,Iwouldbeveryhappy.

Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.

Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.

Wereisreplacedbytheindicativeinclauses

afterasif,asthough,suppose,imagine

forthesakeofexpressingdifferentmeanings.

Helooksasifhewere/issick.

Shetalksasthoughshewere/isanexpert.

IntheclausesafterItis（high）time（that）andIwouldrather（that）,wasistobeusedEIt’stimehewashere.

I’dratherthathewasfarawayfromme.

VoiceoftheVerb

Definitions

Voiceisaformoftheverbwhichindicatesthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate.

VoiceisagrammaticalcategoryoftheEnglishverb,whichmirrorsthelanguageuser’sperspectiveonaneve

【FormsoftheVoices】

1.Theactive:

2.Thepassive:

（unmarked）（marked）

studybestudied

bestudyingbebeingstudied

havestudiedhavebeenstudied

havebeenstudyinghavebeenbeingstudied

1.Intermsofsemantics

Theactivevoiceindicatestheagent-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,ortheactivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthepatient-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,orthepassivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort.想XZ

【MeaningsoftheVoices】

Theactivevoiceindicatestheagent-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,ortheactivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthepatient-actionrelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthepredicate,orthepassivesubject-predicaterelationshipforshort.

2.Intermsofcognition

Theprototypicalactivevoiceconstruesthewholeprocessofaneventfromtheperspectiveoftheagent.Thepassivevoiceconstruesthewholeprocessofaneventfromtheperspectiveofthepatient.

【Usesofthevoices】

（1）asemanticapproach

Theactivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectistheagentandthepassiveisusedwhenthesubjectisthepatient.Compare:

Theraindestroyedtheflowers.

Theflowersweredestroyedbytherain.

（2）acognitiveapproach

Perspective→Subject→Voice

agent→active

patient→passive

（prominenceofparticipantsintheevent）

Conventionalprominence

（Prominenceinconventionalcontext）

Agentbeingmoreprominentthanpatient

Unconventionalprominence

（Prominenceinunconventionalcontext）

Patientbeingmoreprominentthanagent

（3）apragmaticapproach

Context→Topic→Subject→Voice

participant

purpose

backgroundknowledge

commoninterest

giveninformation

Explainthefollowing:

Itrainedheavilylastnight.Theraindestroyed

theflowersinthegarden.

A:

Theflowersareallgone.Whathashappened

tothem?

B:

Theyweredestroyedbytherainlastnight.

Theprofessorwalkedontotheplatformandwas

warmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.

WhowroteTheTrueStoryofAhQ?

ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.

[Thepassiveisnotpossible:

]

1.whentheverbisintransitive:

Sincethen,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecountry.

Thegoodschangedhandsveryeasily.

Theylookedintotheholebutfoundnothing.

Theyarrivedattheirdestinationintime.

Compare:

Theproblemhasbeenlookedintobutsofarnoconclusionhasbeenarrivedat.

2.whentheverbdenotesastateofrelation:

Thedressfitsherverywell.

Theroomcanhold100people.

HehasalotofEnglishbooks.

Thelaboratoryisfittedwiththelatestequipment.

Themeetingistobeheldintheauditorium.

Thebookcanbehadatanybookstoreintown.

3.whentheverbtakesacognateobject:

Shedreamedanawfuldream.

LiuHunanlivedagreatlifeanddiedagloriousdeath.

Helooked（alookof）daggersatme.

Henodded（anodof）hisapproval.

Theywaved（awaveof）/kissed（akissof）good-bye.

4.whentheverbtakestheindefiniteitor

theformalitasitsobject:

Ifwemissthelastbus,we’llhavetofootithome.

LegendhasitthatthisiswheretheFoolishOldManremovedthemountain.

Iputittoyouthatheisstillachildunderten.

5.whentheverbtakesareflexiveor

reciprocalpronounasitsobject:

Helookedathimselfinthemirror.

Theylookedaftereachotherwhenthey

wereatcollege.

[[Thepassiveispreferred:

]]

1.whentheagentisunknown/indefinite:

Itissaid/believed/thoughtthat…

ThecompasswasinventedinChina.

2.whentheagentisknowntoall:

Thechildrenaretakengoodcareofintheschool.

Thethiefwascaughtonthespot.

RedFlagcarsaremadeinChina.

3.whenthespeakerdoesnotwanttomentiontheagent:

Aboutthismatter,muchhasbeensaidbutlittlehasbeendone.

Itisgenerallyconsideredimpropertospendsomuchtimeonsuchthings.

[[Thepassiveisdifferentfromtheactive:

]]

1.ininformationalstructure

Theyhavesofarbuiltonlyonehouse,nottwo.

Thehousewasbuiltbytheownerhimself,notbyanybodyelse.

2.inmodalityorientation

Hecanlifttheboxeasily.

→Theboxcanbeliftedbytheboyeasily.

JohniswillingtoteachMary.

→MaryiswillingtobetaughtbyJohn.

Theboydarenotdothejob.

→?

Thejobdarenotbedonebytheboy.

Differentverbformsexpressesdifferentmeanings.

Thefloorcleanswell.

Theflooriscleanedwell.

Thefloorhasbeencleanedwell.

Thefloorcanbecleanedwelleasily.

TenseoftheVerb

I.Timeandtense

Time:

auniversalconceptwhichinvolvessuchtermsaspresent,pastandfuture

Tense:

agrammaticalcategoryoftheverbwhichexistsinsomelanguagesandwhichdoesnotnecessarilycorrespondwiththetime

II.Tensesandtheirforms

fourtenses:

thepresenttense,thepasttense,

thefuturetense,thepastfuturetense

threetenses:

thefuturetense

twotenses:

thepresenttense,thepasttense

[[Futureandmeansofexpressingfuture]]

Future:

atimeinprediction,atimethat

hasnotbeenexperienced

Futureactions:

actionspredicted,

plannedorarrangedatpresent

Meansofexpressing（present）future:

present-tenseverbforms

Meansofexpressingpastfuture:

past-tenseverbforms

III.Meaningoftense

Thetraditionaldefinition:

Agrammaticalcategory

oftheverbwhichexpressesthe

timeoftheactiondenotedbytheverb.

Anewdefinition:

Aformoftheverbwhichindicates

thetimerelationshipbetweenthe

actionstateanditsreferencetime.

Actionstate:

stateinwhichthe