高考英语二轮复习专项阅读理解专题五 篇章结构题Word格式文档下载.docx
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【实例透析】
【2012北京卷D】
Wilderness
“Inwilderness(荒野)isthepreservationoftheworld.”Thisisafamoussayingfromawriterregardedasoneofthefathersofenvironmentalism.Thefrequencywithwhichitisborrowedmirrorsaheateddebateonenvironmentalprotection:
whethertoplacewildernessattheheartofwhatistobepreserved.
AsJohnSauvenofGreenpeaceUKpointsout,thereisastrongappealinimagesofthewild,theuntouched;
morethananythingelse,theyspeakofthenaturethatmanypeoplevaluemostdearly.Theurgetoleavethesubjectofsuchimagesuntouchedisstrong,andthedangerexploitation(开发)bringstosuchlandscapes(景观)isreal.Someofthesewildernessesalsoperformfunctionsthathumansneed—therainforests,forexample,storecarboninvastquantities.ToMr.Sauven,these”ecosystemservices”faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation.
LeeLane,avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute,takestheopposingview.Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices,suchaswaterconservation.Butthatisnot,heargues,areasontoavoidallhumanpresence,orindeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation.ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthanmerelystruggleforsurvival.Whilethewaysofusingresourceshaveimproved,thereisstillagrowingneedforrawmaterials,andsomewildernessescontaintheminabundance.Iftheycanbetappedwithoutreducingtheservicesthosewildernessesprovide,theargumentgoes,thereisnofurtherreasonnottodoso.Beinguntouchedisnot,initself,acharacteristicworthvaluingaboveallothers.
Ilookforwardstoseeingtheseviewstakenfurther,andtotheirbeingchallengedbytheotherparticipants.Onechallengethatsuggestsitselftomeisthatbothcasesneedtotakeonthequestionofspiritualvaluealittlemoredirectly.Andthereisapracticalquestionastowhetherwildernessescanbeexploitedwithoutharm.
Thisisatopicthatcallsfornotonlyfreeexpressionoffeelings,butalsotheguidanceofreason.Whatpositionwildernessshouldenjoyinthepreservationoftheworldobviouslydeservesmuchmoreseriousthinking.
67.JohnSauvenholdsthat_____.
A.manypeoplevaluenaturetoomuch
B.exploitationofwildernessesisharmful
C.wildernessesprovidehumanswithnecessities
D.theurgetodeveloptheecosystemservicesisstrong
68.WhatisthemainideaofPara.3?
A.Theexploitationisnecessaryforthepoorpeople.
B.Wildernessescannotguaranteebetteruseofrawmaterials.
C.Usefulservicesofwildernessesarenotthereasonfornoexploitation.
D.Allthecharacteristicsconcerningtheexploitationshouldbetreatedequally.
69.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthisdebate?
A.Objective.B.Disapproving.
C.Skeptical.D.Optimistic.
70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CP:
CentralPointP:
PointSp:
Sub-point(次要点)C:
Conclusion
【解析】D。
考查文章结构。
从第一段可看出本文属于议论文,第一段提出中
心论点;
第二段提出JohnSauven的观点,第三段提出LeeEaBe的观点,二者的观点是
两种不同的观点;
第四段作者提出自己的观点;
最后一段是全文的结论。
本文的结构
是议论文中常见的结构,即”总一分一总”结构。
故选D。
注意:
段落的组织方法理解文章的结构解题技巧
一般来说,文章是由篇首段、主体段和结论段三部分组成。
篇首段揭示主题,主体段对主题分点阐述,结论段对全文归纳总结。
考生在拿到一篇文章时,首先要注意文章的首段,一般这部分引出文中要讲的核心问题,从而起到统领全文的作用。
一般情况下,篇首段由引语句和主题句两部分组成。
前者的目的是引起读者的兴趣,同时使读者对文章要讲的问题在心理上有所准备。
后者向读者交代该文的主题或写作目的。
总之,篇首段的作用就是使读者顺利地进入正文。
文章的主体段一般从不同的侧面对文章的主题展开讨论。
各段阐述的内容必须与主题一致。
结论段概括全文的内容,往往使用不同的表达方式重新阐述中心思想,从而与篇首段相呼应。
同时,使读者对全文有一个完整、清晰的认识。
二、按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构
作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章,如:
1.时间顺序:
按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展,或某一研究成果由过去至现在的发展情况。
2.空间顺序:
按照事物的空间结构顺序(从左到右,从内到外,从整体到局部等)进行描写或说明。
3.举例:
所列举的事物用来佐证观点,通常是数据、事例等。
4.对比或类比:
这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。
Thepassageismainlydevelopedby_____________.
Whatistherightorderofthestepsindoing__________?
Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedby____________.
Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby_______________.
HowdoesthewritersupporttheunderlinedstatementinParagraph2?
【2012陕西卷B】
ThreeBoysandaDad
BradclosedthedoorslowlyasSuelefthometovisithermother.Expectingawholedaytorelax,hewasthinkingwhethertoreadthenewspaperorwatchhisfavouriteTVtalkshowonhisfirstdayoffinmonths.“Thiswillbelikeawalkinthepark,”he’dtoldhiswife.“I’lllookafterthekids,andyoucangovisityourmom.”
Thingsstartedwell,butjustaftereighto’clock,histhreelittle“goodkids”—Mike,Randy,andAlex—camedownthestairsintheirnightclothesandshouted“breakfast,daddy.”Whenfoodhadnotappearedwithinthirtyseconds,RandybeganusinghisspoononAlex’sheadasifitwereadrum.Alexstartedtoshoutloudlyintimetothebeat(节拍).Mikechanted“Where’smytoast,where’smytoast”inthebackground.Bradrealizedhisnewspaperwouldhavetowaitforafewseconds.
Lifebecameworseafterbreakfast.MikeworeRandy’sunderwearonhishead.Randylockedhimselfinthebathroom,whileAlexshoutedagainbecausehewasgoingtowethispants.Nobodycouldfindcleansocks,althoughtheywerebeforetheirveryeyes.Someonenamed“NotMe”hadspilledawholeglassoforangejuiceintothebasketofcleanclothes.Bradknewthetalkshowhadalreadystarted.
Byteno’clock,thingswereoutofcontrol.Alexwaswonderingwhythefishinthejarrefusedhisbreadandbutter.Mikewastryingtoshowoffhistalentbydecoratingthekitchenwallwithhiscolourpencils.Randy,thankfully,appearedtobereadingquietlyinthefamilyroom,butcloserexaminationshowedthathewaseatingapplejamstraightfromthebottlewithhishands.Bradrealisedthatthetalkshowwasoverandreadingwouldbeimpossible.
Atexactly11:
17,Bradcalledthedaycarecentre(日托所).“Isuddenlyhavetogointoworkandmywife’saway.CanIbringtheboysoverinafewminutes?
”Theanswerwasobviously“yes”becauseBradwassmiling.
52.Thistextisdeveloped.
A.byspaceB.bycomparisonC.byprocessD.bytime
【解析】D。
篇章结构题。
第一段交代Brad在这一个休息日的打算,第二段讲述早上8点孩子们起床后的事情,第三段是早餐后家中混乱的场景描述,第四段讲述10点后家中已经完全失控了,最后一段讲述11:
17Brad给日托所打电话。
整篇文章是以事件发生的时间先后顺序来安排的,所以本文是以时间为顺序来组织文章的。
【2012江西卷D】
…
Yetsomepeoplewonderiftherevolutionintravelhasgonetoofar.Apricehasbeenpaid,theysay,fortheconquest(征服)oftimeanddistance.Travelissomethingtobeenjoyed,notendured(忍受).Theboatoffersleisureandtimeenoughtoappreciatetheever-changingsightsandsoundsofajourney.Ajourneybytrainalsohasaspecialcharmaboutit.Lakesandforestsandwild,openplainssweepingpastyourcarriagewindowcreateagrandviewinwhichtimeanddistancemeannothing.Onboardaplane,however,thereisjusttheblankblueoftheskyfillingthenarrowwindowoftheairplane.Thesoftlighting,in-flightfilmsandgentlemusicmakeuptheonlyworldyouknow,andthehoursprogressslowly.
72.HowdoesthewritersupporttheunderlinedstatementinParagraph2?
A.Bygivinginstructions.B.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.
C.Byfollowingtheorderoftime.D.Bygivingexamples.
画线部分是一个概括性的句子,后面通过具体的boat,train,plane
三种交通方式说明”旅行是让人享受而不是让人难以忍受的事情”,由此可以看出文
章是通过举例来阐述这一句话的。
掌握分析文章结构的技能
由于这种题型出现的相对较少,某些省份或地区的阅读理解题还没有设置过文
章结构分析题,这导致考生对该类题的重视不够。
而且,大部分考生在阅读文章的时
候很少关注文章的结构,把注意力主要集中在文章的主旨大意和细节理解上,忽视文
章的整体结构。
要想准确、深刻地理解一篇文章,必须对文章的结构有所了解,把握
全篇的文脉,即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。
这样在阅读文章时就要发挥自己的
逻辑思维能力,把握文章的写作思路,以便准确答题。
(2012·
重庆卷·
C)
[1]ThereisnobetterwaytoenjoyScottishtraditionsthangoingfishingandtastingalittlebitofwhisky(威士忌)ataquietplaceliketheInverlochyCastle.whenQueenVictoriaVisitedthecastlein1873shewroteinherdiary,“Ineversawalovelierspot.”Andshedidn’tevengofishing.
[2]Scotlandisnoteasilydefined.Incertainmoments,thisquietlandoflakesandgrassesandmountainschangesbeforeyourVeryeyes.Wheneveninggentlysweepsthehillsideintoorangelight,therivers,teemingwithfish,canturnintostreamsofgold.AsyousettledownwithjustafishingpoleandabasketonthebankofRiverOrchy,neartheInvedochyCastle,anyfrustration(烦恼)willfloatawayasgentlyasthecirclingwater.It’sjustyouandpurple,pink,whiteflowers,seekingaperfectharmony.Ifyouareanewcomertofishing,learningthebasicsfromafishingguidemayleaveyouwithalifetime'
sfun.Formany,fishingismorethanasport;
itisanart.
65.HowisParagraph2mainlydeveloped?
A.Bygivingdescriptions.B.Byfollowingtimeorder.
C.Byanalyzingcauses.D.Bymakingcomparisons
【解析】A。
篇章结构的写作方法题。
第二段的首句交代”Scotlandisnoteasilydefined.”,即:
苏格兰是很难定义的,接着后面对其进行细节描述。
故选A。
本段不是按照时间顺序、分析原因或是对比的方式来写作的。
【能力过关】
Passage1
Mostpeoplewhomovetoaforeigncountryorculturemaygothroughsomeformofcultureshock,anditsdegreeisdeterminedbythedifferencesbetweencultures,theanxietytoadapttoanewcultureandthefamiliaritywithanewculture,etc.Ifyougo,forexample,toaculturethatisfardifferentfromyourown,you'
relikelytoexperiencecultureshockmoresharplythanthosewhomovetoanewcultureknowingthelanguageandthecustomofit.
Itisimportanttounderstandandlearnhowtodealwithcultureshockifyouaretoadaptsuccessfullytoyournewhome'
scultures.Therearefourgeneralstagesofculturaladjustment,andbeingawareofthemhelpsyouunderstandthatc