Ernest Hemingway.docx

Ernest Hemingway.docx

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ErnestHemingway

ErnestHemingway（1899-1961）,borninOakPark,Illinois,startedhiscareerasawriterinanewspaperofficeinKansasCityattheageofseventeen.AftertheUnitedStatesenteredtheFirstWorldWar,hejoinedavolunteerambulanceunitintheItalianarmy.Servingatthefront,hewaswounded,wasdecoratedbytheItalianGovernment,andspentconsiderabletimeinhospitals.AfterhisreturntotheUnitedStates,hebecameareporterforCanadianandAmericannewspapersandwassoonsentbacktoEuropetocoversucheventsastheGreekRevolution.

Duringthetwenties,HemingwaybecameamemberofthegroupofexpatriateAmericansinParis,whichhedescribedinhisfirstimportantwork,TheSunAlsoRises（1926）.EquallysuccessfulwasAFarewelltoArms（1929）,thestudyofanAmericanambulanceofficer'sdisillusionmentinthewarandhisroleasadeserter.HemingwayusedhisexperiencesasareporterduringthecivilwarinSpainasthebackgroundforhismostambitiousnovel,ForWhomtheBellTolls（1940）.Amonghislaterworks,themostoutstandingistheshortnovel,TheOldManandtheSea（1952）,thestoryofanoldfisherman'sjourney,hislongandlonelystrugglewithafishandthesea,andhisvictoryindefeat.

Hemingway-himselfagreatsportsman-likedtoportraysoldiers,hunters,bullfighters-tough,attimesprimitivepeoplewhosecourageandhonestyaresetagainstthebrutalwaysofmodernsociety,andwhointhisconfrontationlosehopeandfaith.Hisstraightforwardprose,hissparedialogue,andhispredilectionforunderstatementareparticularlyeffectiveinhisshortstories,someofwhicharecollectedinMenWithoutWomen（1927）andTheFifthColumnandtheFirstForty-NineStories（1938）.HemingwaydiedinIdahoin1961.

ACaseofIdentity:

ErnestHemingway

byAndersHallengren*

TherecognitionofHemingwayasamajorandrepresentativewriteroftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,wasaslowbutexplosiveprocess.Hisemergenceinthewesterncanonwasanevenmoreadventurousvoyage.HisworkswereburntinthebonfireinBerlinonMay10,1933asbeingamonumentofmoderndecadence.Thatwasamajorproofofthewriter'ssignificanceandasteptowardworldfame.

ToreadHemingwayhasalwaysproducedstrongreactions.Whenhisparentsreceivedthefirstcopiesoftheirson'sbookInOurTime（1924）,theyreaditwithhorror.Furious,hisfathersentthevolumesbacktothepublisher,ashecouldnottoleratesuchfilthinthehouse.Hemingway'sapparentlycoarse,crude,vulgarandunsentimentalstyleandmannersappearedequallyshockingtomanypeopleoutsidehisfamily.Ontheotherhand,thisstylewaspreciselythereasonwhyagreatmanyotherpeoplelikedhiswork.Amyth,exaggeratingthosefeatures,wastobeborn.

HemingwayinOurTime

AfterhehadcommittedsuicideatKetchum,Idaho,in1961,theliterarypositionofthe1954NobelLaureatechangedsignificantlyandhas,inaway,evenbecomestronger.Thisispartlyduetoseveralposthumousworksandcollectionsthatshowtheauthor’sversatility-AMoveableFeast（1964）,By-Line（1967）,88Poems（1979）,andSelectedLetters（1981）.ItisalsotheresultofpainstakingandsuccessfulHemingwayresearch,inwhichTheHemingwaySociety（USA）hasplayedanimportantrolesince1980.

AnotherresultofthisenduringinterestisthatmanynewaspectsofHemingway’slifeandworksthatwerepreviouslyobscuredbyhispublicimagehavenowemergedintothelight.Ontheotherhand,posthumouslypublishednovels,suchasIslandsintheStream（1970）andTheGardenofEden（1986）,havedisappointedmanyoftheoldHemingwayreaders.However,ratherthanbearingwitnesstodecliningliterarypower,（which,consideringtheauthor’sdeclininghealthwould,indeed,bearathertrivialobservationevenifitweretrue）thelateworksconfrontuswithareappraisalandreconsiderationofbasicvalues.Theyalsodisplayanunbiasedseekingandexperimentation,asiftheauthorwaslosingbothhisdirectionandhisfooting,orwasbecomingunrestrainedinanewway.JustasmodernHemingwayscholarshiphasaddedimmenselytothedepthofourunderstandingofHemingway-makinghimmoreandmoredifficulttodefine!

-theseworksrevealandstressacomplexitythatmaycausebewildermentorrelief,dependingonwhatperspectiveoneadopts.

The"Hard-boiled"Style

Theslangword"hard-boiled",usedtodescribecharactersandworksofart,wasaproductoftwentiethcenturywarfare.Tobe"hard-boiled"meanttobeunfeeling,callous,coldhearted,cynical,rough,obdurate,unemotional,withoutsentiment.Latertobecomealiteraryterm,thewordoriginatedinAmericanArmyWorldWarItrainingcamps,andhasbeenincommon,colloquialusagesinceabout1930.

ContemporaryliterarycriticismregardedErnestHemingway’sworksasmarkedbyhisuseofthisstyle,whichwastypicalofthee