一年级第二学期阅读资料50篇四级文档格式.docx

一年级第二学期阅读资料50篇四级文档格式.docx

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Eyecontactisanonverbaltechniquethathelpsthespeaker"

sell"

hisorherideastoanaudience.Besideitspersuasivepowers,eyecontacthelpshold1tstenerinterest.Asuccessfulspeakermustmaintaineyecontactwithanaudience.Tohavegoodrapport（关系）with1isteners,aspeakershouldmaintaindirecteyecontactforatleast75percentofthetime.somespeakersfocusexclusivelyontheirnotes.Othersgazeovertheheadsofthe1rlisteners.BotharelikelytoloseaudienceinterestandesteemPeoplewhomaintaineyecontactwhilespeaking,whetherfromapodium（演讲台）orfromacrossthetable,are"

regardednotonlyasexceptionallywell-disposedbytheirtargetbutalsoasmorebelievableandearnest."

Toshowthepotencyofey6contactindailylife,wehaveonlytoconsiderhowpassers-bybehavewhentheirglanceshappentomeetonthestreet.Atoneextremearethosepeoplewhofeelobligedtosmilewhentheymakeeyecontact.Attheotherextremeareforwhofeelawkwardandimmediatelylookaway.Tomakeeyecontact,itseems,istomakeacertain1inkwithsomeone.-

"

Eyecontactwithanaudiencealso1etsaspeaker.knowandmonitorthelisteners.Itis,infact,essentialforanalyzinganaudienceduringaspeech.Visualcues（暗示）fromaudiencememberscanindicatethataspeechisdragging,thatthespeakerisdwellingonaparticularpointfortoolong,orthataparticularpointrequiresfurtherexplanation.Aswehavepointedout,visualfeed-backformlistenersshouldplayanimportantroleinshapingaspeechasitisdelivered.

l.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith____________

a.theimportanceofeyecontactb.thepotencyofnonverbaltechniques

d.successfulspeechdeliveryd.aneffectivewaytogainvisualfeedbacks

2.Accordingtothepassageagoodspeakermust___________________.

a.“sell”hisorherideastoanaudienceb.maintaindirecteyecontactwithlisteners

c.beverypersuasiveandbelievabled.beexceptionallywell-disposed

3.Theword“target”inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphcanbestbereplacedby____.

a.destinationb.goalc.audienced.followers

4.Indailylife,whentheglancesoftwopassers-byhappentomeet,thesepersonswillinevitably________.

a.smiletoeachotherb.feelawkwardandlookawayimmediately

c.trytomakeaconversationwitheachotherd.noneoftheabove

5.Eyecontactwithanaudience,accordingtotheauthor,hasallthefollowingbenefitsforthespeakerEXCEPTthatitdoesn’thelpthespeaker_________.

a.tocontroltheaudienceb.togainaudienceinterestandesteem

c.toknowwhetherheistalkingtoomuchaboutacertainpoint

d.toanalyzehisaudiencewhenheisbeginninghisspeech

Passage2

Aftertheveryactiveandsuccessfultenure（任职）ofofficebytheSenegalesepresidentastheheadoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnit,itwashighlylogicaltothinkthatthesuccessor,whoevermightbe,wouldhaveadifficulttaskindoingabetterjob.

TheCongolesepresidentsettoworkassoonashewaselected.HisfirststepwastosuggesttothedeanofheadsofstatepresentintheEthiopiacapital,PresidentKennethKaundaofZambia,tosummonameetingoftheleadersofcountriesthatliesclosetoSouthAfrica.Itsaim:

todefineastrategyinordertoovercomethereprisals（报复行为）thattheracistregimeofPretoriaislikelytotakeagainstitsneighborsincasesanctions（制裁）areimposedbytheinternationalcommunity.

PresidentSassouNguessohasalreadyundertakenanumberoftripsabroad.HethuswenttoHarare（Zimbabwe）wherehedeliveredaspeech,onSeptember1,onbehalfofAfricabeforethesummitmeetingofnon-aligned（不结盟）nations.

AttheendofSeptember,hewasinNewYork,forastatementbeforetheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations,andtheninWashington,fortalkswithhigh-rankingmembersoftheReaganAdministration.HethenwenttoOttawa,forconsultationswithleadingmembersoftheCanadiangovernment.

TheCongolesepresident’saim,inalltheseendeavors,istoconvincestillreluctantcountriesoftheimperious（紧迫的）necessityofimposingsanctionsagainsttheracistregimeofPretoria.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theword“successor”refersto_________.

a.apersonwhoenjoyedasuccessfulcareerinpolitics

b.apersonwhowasverypopularinthepoliticalarena

c.thepersonwhowastoleadtheorganization

d.thepresidentheadoftheorganization

2.Accordingtothepassage,SassouNguesso________.

a.isCongoleseb.knewthatiswasverydifficultforhimtobeelected

c.waselectedwithoutanyopposition

d.hasheldameetingintheEthiopiancapital

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

a.PresidentSaasouNguessohasdecidedtovisitasmanyAmericancountriesaspossible

b.PresidentSaasouNguessomadeasuggestiontoPresidentKennethKaundathatameetingbeheldoftheleadersofcountriesthatliesclosetoSouthAfrica.

c.PresidentSaasouNguessowenttoHarareanddeliveredaspeechthere

d.IfsanctionsareimposedagainstSouthAfricabytheinternationalcommunity,theracistregimeofPretoriawillprobablyrevengeonitsneighbors.

4.WemaydrawtheconclusionthatPresidentSaasouNguessohasbeenworkingreallyhardto____.

a.provehimselfatruth-worthypresident

b.convincesomereluctantcountriesthatitishighlynecessarytoimposesanctionsagainsttheracistregimeofPretoria.

c.showtothewholeworldthestrengthandpoweroftheOrganizationofAfricaUnity

d.seekfinancialsupportfromsomeadvancedcountriestopromoteAfricaneconomy

5.Thispieceismostprobablytakenfrom______.

a.anewspaperreportb.abiologyc.ahistorybookd.aWho’sWho

Passage3

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer,whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth.Weareequallyinterestedineffects:

whatistheeffectofsulphurorleadintheatmosphere,ofoilspillsandrawsewageinriversandthesea,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination?

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon’twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect（lightout）tothecause（poweroff）andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect（refrigeratornotworking）.Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,forshort,effecttoeffect.Itisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingchain:

lightsout-poweroff—refrigeratornotworking---temperaturewillrise---milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficientorcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonewhichcanproduceaneffectunaided,thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause:

adeadbatteryisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting,butfaultysparkplugsoranemptygastankwillhavethesameeffect.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlight,mayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactors---pedestriansorothercarsintheinteraction---mustalsobepresent.

Inestablishingorrefutingacasualrelationitisusuallynecessarytoshowtheprocessbywhichthealleged（所谓的）causeproducestheeffect.Suchanexplanationiscalledacausalprocess.

1.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout_______.

a.relationshipbetweencausesandeffectb.classificationofreasoning

c.someothercommontypesofreasoningd.somespecialtypeofreasoning

2.Accordingtothepassage,todothe“effecttoeffect”reasoningistoreason_______.

a.fromcausetoeffectb.fromeffecttocause

c.fromeffecttoeffectandontocaused.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

3.Anecessarycauseis_______.

a.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

b.oneofthecausesthatcanproducetheeffect

c.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

d.noneofthem

4.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa_________.

a.necessarycauseb.sufficientcausec.contributorycaused.noneofthem

5.Thispassagemainlydiscusses_______.

a.causalreasoningb.varioustypesofreasoningc.classificationofcauses

d.thecausalprocess

Passage4

Ihearmanyparentscomplainingthattheirteenagechildrenarerebelling.Iwishitwereso.Atyourage,yououghttobegrowingawayfromyourparents.Youshouldbelearningtostandonyourowntwofeet.Buttakeagoodlookatthepresentrebellion.Itseemsthatteenagersarealltakingthesamewayofshowingthattheydisagreewiththeirparents.Insteadofstrikingoutboldlyontheirown,mostofthemareclutchingatoneanother’shandsforreassurance.

Theyclaimtheywanttodressastheyplease.Buttheyallwearthesameclothes.Theysetoffinnewdirectionsinmusic.Butsomehowtheyallenduphuddledroundlisteningtothesamerecord.Theirreasonforthinkingoractinginthus-and-suchawayisthatthecrowdisdoingit.Theyhavecomeoutoftheircocoon（蚕茧）---intoalargecocoon.

Ithasbecomeharderandharderforateenagertostandupagainstthepopular