一年级第二学期阅读资料50篇四级文档格式.docx

1、Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker sell his or her ideas to an audience. Beside its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold 1tstener interest. A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport （关系 ） with 1isteners, a speaker should maint

2、ain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of the1r listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium （演讲台） or from across t

3、he table, are regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest.To show the potency of ey6 contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who

4、 feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are for who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain 1ink with someone.- Eye contact with an audience also 1ets a speaker. know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essent

5、ial for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues（暗示）from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feed-back form listener

6、s should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.l. This passage is mainly concerned with_a. the importance of eye contact b. the potency of nonverbal techniquesd. successful speech delivery d. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks2. According to the passage a good speaker

7、must _.a. “sell” his or her ideas to an audience b. maintain direct eye contact with listenersc. be very persuasive and believable d. be exceptionally well-disposed3. The word “target” in the last sentence of the first paragraph can best be replaced by _. a. destination b. goal c. audience d. follow

8、ers4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these persons will inevitably _. a. smile to each other b. feel awkward and look away immediately c. try to make a conversation with each other d. none of the above5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has al

9、l the following benefits for the speaker EXCEPT that it doesnt help the speaker_. a. to control the audience b. to gain audience interest and esteem c. to know whether he is talking too much about a certain point d. to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speechPassage 2 After the very acti

10、ve and successful tenure （任职）of office by the Senegalese president as the head of the Organization of African Unit, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job. The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. H

11、is first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of state present in the Ethiopia capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lies close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals（报复行为） that the racist regi

12、me of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions（制裁）are imposed by the international community. President Sassou Nguesso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare （Zimbabwe） where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before

13、the summit meeting of non-aligned （不结盟）nations. At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with lea

14、ding members of the Canadian government. The Congolese presidents aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious （紧迫的） necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.1. In the first paragraph, the word “successor” refers to _.a. a person

15、 who enjoyed a successful career in politicsb. a person who was very popular in the political arenac. the person who was to lead the organizationd. the president head of the organization2. According to the passage, Sassou Nguesso _.a. is Congolese b. knew that is was very difficult for him to be ele

16、ctedc. was elected without any opposition d. has held a meeting in the Ethiopian capital3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?a. President Saasou Nguesso has decided to visit as many American countries as possibleb. President Saasou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth

17、Kaunda that a meeting be held of the leaders of countries that lies close to South Africa.c. President Saasou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech thered. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, the racist regime of Pretoria will probably revenge on its

18、 neighbors.4. We may draw the conclusion that President Saasou Nguesso has been working really hard to _.a. prove himself a truth-worthy president b. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.c. show to the whole world the

19、 strength and power of the Organization of Africa Unityd. seek financial support from some advanced countries to promote African economy5. This piece is most probably taken from _.a. a newspaper report b. a biology c. a history book d. a Whos Who Passage 3 Another common type of reasoning is the sea

20、rch for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and

21、the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination? Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason t

22、hat because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work, we first relate the effect （light out ） to the cause（power off） and then relate that cause to another effect （refrigerator not working）. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason throu

23、gh an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following chain: lights out-power offrefrigerator not working-temperature will rise- milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the nex

24、t. Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficien

25、t cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light ,may help cause an accident, though other fact

26、ors -pedestrians or other cars in the interaction-must also be present. In establishing or refuting a casual relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged（所谓的）cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.1. What the author discussed in the pre

27、vious section is most probably about _.a. relationship between causes and effect b. classification of reasoning c. some other common types of reasoning d. some special type of reasoning2. According to the passage, to do the “effect to effect” reasoning is to reason _.a. from cause to effect b. from

28、effect to cause c. from effect to effect and on to cause d. from effect to cause and on to another effect3. A necessary cause is _.a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurb. one of the causes that can produce the effectc. one that is enough to make the effect occurd. none of the

29、m4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a _.a. necessary cause b. sufficient cause c. contributory cause d. none of them5. This passage mainly discusses _.a. causal reasoning b. various types of reasoning c. classificatio

30、n of causesd. the causal processPassage 4 I hear many parents complaining that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age, you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It

31、 seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance. They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They se

32、t off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon（蚕茧）-into a large cocoon. It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popular