练习MPA英语课后练习词汇篇.docx

练习MPA英语课后练习词汇篇.docx

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练习MPA英语课后练习词汇篇

【关键字】练习

词汇

1.Whethertheyarerepublicsorconstitutionalmonarchies,itisgovernmentagenciesputtingintopracticelegislativeactsthatrepresentthewillofthepeople.

2.Whiletheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesareseparateanddistinctintheUnitedStates,allsidesstruggletoinfluencetheothers.

3.Mostofwhatanexecutivedoesistomanageexistingprograms,torunthebureaucracy.

4.Theseappointees,whilefunctioningastopmanagerssignificantmanagementresponsibilities,areseldomprofessionalmanagersandseldomthinkofthemselvesasmanagementexperts.

5.Thesemiddlemanagers,despitetheirdisparityinfunctionsandtechnicalbackgrounds,largelycontinuethemanagementspecialtyofpublicadministration.

6.Theyspendtheirworkinglivesfightingasofficersintheadministrativewarsstartedbytheirpoliticalleaders.

7.MickeyMouseisoftenusedtomeanredtape,thesymbolofexcessiveformalityandattentiontoroutine.

8.Organizationcreateandretainsuchseeminglyrigid“practicesandfeatures”becausetheypromoteefficiencyandequityonthewhole-eventhoughthismaynotbetrueinmanyindividualcases.

9.AlthoughheendedasthechiefofstaffoftheU.S.Army,heisonnobody’slistofgreatgenerals.

10.Ifyouwanttobealeadingactor,youmustonlyplayleadingparts--“muchbettertoplayHamletinDenverthanLaertesonBroadway.”

11.Oftenthiscallsforthecreationoforganizations,publicagencies,andbureaus,whichinturnneedtocreatemorepoliciesthatgiveguidancetotheorganization’semployeesonhowtoputintopracticetheoverallpublicpolicy.

12.Theirdemocracyconsistedofrulebyanelitegroupofmalecitizens,whosewell-beingwasmaintainedbypoliticallysuppressedwomenandalargeslavepopulation（whichwasnotadesirablesituationifyouwereawomanandworseifyouwereaslave）.

13.Inademocracythepeoplemeetandexercisethegovernmentinperson;inarepublic,theyassembleandadministeritbytheirrepresentativesandagents.

14.Becauseofthenecessitiesofbothhotandcoldwars,thePresidenthasbeenunusuallystrongvis-à-vistheCongress.

15.AsAristotlehadwarned,timeandagainthroughouthistorythesepuredemocracieshadbeencapturedbydemagoguesandhaddegeneratedintodictatorialtyrannies.

16.Afterall,ithasthegreatestnumberofenumeratedpowersandtheexecutiveandjudicialbranchesmustenforceitslaws.

17.Hewasdisdainfulofthosewhoassertedthepresenceofa“residuumofpower”whenheclearlysawnone.

18.Apresident,accordingtothisview,couldatleastforashortwhileevenassumedictatorialpowers.

19.However,whenrecentPresidentshavesoughtextraordinarypowers,evenwithclaimsofnationalsecurityandexecutiveprivilege,theyhavebeen“checked”bytheSupremeCourt.

20.Theimportantthingtorememberisthatthistheoryofexecutivepowerisquietlyreservedtosupporttheeffortsofaleaderwhoseesthenationthroughinatimeofcrisis,or,alternately,itlurksinthehandsofanunprincipledopportunistordemagoguetostiflerepublicaninstitutions.

21.Aconstitutionprovidesthebasicpoliticalandlegalstructure,thearchitecture,whichprescribestherulesbywhichagovernmentoperates.

22.Onlytherealmofforeignaffairshassubstantiallyescapedthistendency,althoughthewaronterrorhasincreasinglybroughtbackquestionsoftherightsofprisonerstotheAmericancourts.

23.UnliketheBritishparliamentarymachineryofgovernmentthatevolvedoverhundredsofyears,theAmericanmachinerywascreatedatonemomentintimeforitsspecificpurpose.

24.TheCourtunanimouslydeclareditssupportforredtape,thetreasuredproceduralsafeguardsthatprotectusevenwhenwedowishtobeprotected,andthelaw’sdelay.

25.Whiletheinefficiencyoftheseparationofpowersistobehighlyvaluedforitsprotectionofbasicliberties,thisisnoexcuseforindividualagenciestobeinefficientasorganization.

26.Thisisaninstitutionwhoseexistencerestsoncustomratherthanconstitutionalprovision,eventhoughitschiefmembers,thesecretariesofthefederalexecutivedepartments,mustbeapprovedbytheSenate.

27.TheAmericanmachineryofgovernment,whichrequirescabinetsecretariestoberesponsiblebothtothePresidentandtheCongress（withitscompetinginterests）makesthatvirtuallyimpossible.

28.SomePresidentshaveconvenedtheircabinetonlyforthemostformalandroutinematters,whileothershavereliedonitforadviceandsupport.

29.Whileallcabinetsecretariesareequalinrankandsalary,themissionsofthoseintheinnercabinettendtogivethemanadvantageinprestige,access,andvisibilitydeniedtothosewhoheadtherestof,orthe“outer,”cabinet.

30.Thusallsuchcommissionerscanservetotheendoftheirfixedtermsunlessimpeachedb