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2).Duringthisperiodanewgenerationofwriters,dissatisfiedwiththeRomanticideasintheoldergeneration,cameupwithanewinspiration.Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.Itaimedattheinterpretationoftherealitiesofanyaspectoflife,freefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,orromanticcolor.Insteadofthinkingaboutthemysteriesoflifeanddeathandheroicindividualism,people’sattentionwasnowdirectedtotheinterestingfeaturesofeverydayexistence,towhatwasbrutalorsordid,andtotheopenportayalofclassstruggle;
3)sowritersbegantodescribetheintegrityofhumancharactersreactingundervariouscircumstancesandpicturethepioneersofthefarwest,thenewimmigrantsandthestrugglesoftheworkingclass;
4)MarkTwainHowellsandHenryJamesarethreeleadingfiguresoftheAmericanRealism.
AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义文学):
TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccoutforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.2)naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.3>
Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.
LocalColorism(乡土文学):
Generallyspeaking,thewritingsoflocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,weell-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.2)Localcoloristswereconsciouslynostalgichistoriansofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions,theyworkedfrompersonalexperiencetorecordthefactsofalocalenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocal.3)majorlocalcoloristsisMarkTwain.
Imagism(意象主义):
ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.2>
theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.3>
imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:
A.directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;
B.economyofexpression;
C.asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome.4>
pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knowninagistpoem.
TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代):
ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:
menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2>
fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3>
thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,hemingwayandJohndosPassos.
TheBeatGeneration(垮掉的一代):
ThemembersofTheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines.Whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.2>
TheBeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.3>
themajorbeatwritingsareAllenGinsberg’showl.HowlbecamethemanifestoofTheBeatGeneration.
AJazzage(爵士时代):
TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodofthe1920sand1930s,theyearsbetweenworldwarIandworldwarII.ParticularlyinnorthAmerica.Withtheriseofthegreatdepression,thevaluesofthisagesawmuchdecline.PerhapsthemostrepresentativeliteraryworkoftheageisAmericanwriterFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby.Highlightingwhatsomedescribeasthedecadenceandhedonism,aswellasthegrowthofindividualism.Fitzgeraldislargelycreditedwithcoiningtheterm”JazzAge”.
Feminisim(女权主义):
Feminisimincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.2>
ingeneral,feminismisideologyofwomen’sliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirsex.Underthisbroadumbrellavariousfeminismsofferdifferinganalysesofthecauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.3>
definitionsoffeminismbyfeministstendtobeshapedbytheirtraining,ideologyorrace.So,forexample,Marxistandsocialistfeministsstresstheinteractionwithinfeminismofclasswithgenderandfocusonsocialdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomen.Blackfeministsarguemuchmoreforanintegratedanalysiswhichcanunlockthemultiplesystemsofoppression.
HemingwayCodeHero(海明威式英雄):
HemingwayCodeHero,alsocalledcodehero,isonewho,woundedbutstrongmoresentitive,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeath,andmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.2>
barnesinthesunalsoRises,henryinaFarewelltoarmsandsantiagointheoldmanandtheseaaretypicalofHemingwayCodeHero
Impressionism(印象主义):
Impressionismisastyleofpaintingthatgivestheimpressionmadebythesubjectontheartistwithoutmuchattentiontodetails.Writersacceptedthesameconvictionthatthepersonalattitudesandmoodsofthewriterwerelegitimateelementsindepictingcharacterorsettingoraction.2>
briefly,itisastyleofliteraturecharacterizedbythecreationofgeneralimpressionsandmoodsratherthatrealisticmood.
Modernism(现代主义):
Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement,whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.2>
modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.3>
thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry,fiction,drama,painting,musicandarchitecture.4>
inenglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s,inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.5>
asfarasliteratureisconcerned,Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman’spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.
thegildedage:
PlainsIndianswerepushedinaseriesofIndianwarsontorestrictedreservations.Thisperiodalsowitnessedthecreationofamodernindustrialeconomy.Anationaltransportationandcommunicationnetworkwascreated,thecorporationbecamethedominantformofbusinessorganization,andamanagerialrevolutiontransformedbusinessoperations.Bythebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,percapitaincomeandindustrialproductionintheUnitedStatesexceededthatofanyothercountryexceptBritain.Longhoursandhazardousworkingconditions,ledmanyworkerstoattempttoformlaborunionsdespitestrongoppositionfromindustrialistsandthecourts.Aneraofintensepoliticalpartisanship,theGildedAgewasalsoaneraofreform.TheCivilServiceActsoughttocurbgovernmentcorruptionbyrequiringapplicantsforcertaingovernmentaljobstotakeacompetitiveexamination.TheInterstateCommerceActsoughttoenddiscriminationbyrailroadsagainstsmallshippersandtheShermanAntitrustActoutlawedbusinessmonopolies.TheseyearsalsosawtheriseofthePopulistcrusade.Burdenedbyheavydebtsandfallingfarmprices,manyfarmersjoinedthePopulistparty,whichcalledforanincreaseintheamountofmoneyincirculation,governmentassistancetohelpfarmersrepayloans,tariffreductions,andagraduatedincometax.MarkTwaincalledthelatenineteenthcenturythe"
GildedAge."
Bythis,hemeantthattheperiodwasglitteringonthesurfacebutcorruptunderneath.Inthepopularview,thelatenineteenthcenturywasaperiodofgreedandguile:
ofrapaciousRobberBarons,unscrupulousspeculators,andcorporatebuccaneers,ofshadybusinesspractices,scandal-plaguedpolitics,andvulgardisplay.ItiseasytocaricaturetheGildedAgeasaneraofcorruption,conspicuousconsumption,andunfetteredcapitalism.ButitismoreusefultothinkofthisasmodernAmerica’sformativeperiod,whenanagrariansocietyofsmallproducerswastransformedintoanurbansocietydominatedbyindustrialcorporations.
Regionalism(地区主义):
Inliterature,regionalismorlocalcolorfictionreferstofictionorpoetrythatfocusesonspecificfeatur