Daniel Defoe文档格式.docx

Daniel Defoe文档格式.docx

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showedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.

3.Hismajorworks

DefoeisgenerallyconsideredthefirstgreatrealisticnovelistinEnglishfiction.Hebasedhisstoriesoncurrentevents&

materials,suchasthemaps&

logsofactualseavoyages,personalmemoirs&

historicaloreyewitnessreports.

PerhapshismostpopularnovelisRobinsonCrusoe（1719）,anadventurestorybasedpartlyontheactualexperienceofamanwhohadbeentrappedonadesertedisland.AJournalofthePlagueYear（1722）,sometimesconsideredhisbestwork,hassuchacolorful&

detailedaccountoftheLondonplagueof1664&

1665thatitseemstohavebeenwrittenbyanobserveronthescene.Defoe'

sthirdmasterpiece,MollFlanders（1722）,isalivelynoveltracingtheadventuresofafemalerogue.Toldintheformof"

confessions"

thenarrativeincludesvividdescriptionsofthecourts,prisons,&

othersocialinstitutionsofDefoe'

sera.

4.Characteristicsofhisworks

Defoewasaverygoodstory-teller.Hehadagiftfororganizingminutedetailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredible&

fascinating.Hissentencesaresometimesshort,crisp&

plain,&

sometimeslong&

rambling,whichleaveonthereaderonimpressionofcasualnarration.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquial&

mostlyvernacular.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:

itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.

RobinsonCrusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》

（1）Background:

arealincident;

1704,AlexanderSelkirk,aScottishsailor,wasthrownontoadesolateislandbythemutinouscrewofhisship.Helivedtherealonefor5years.Defoereadabouthisadventuresinanewspaperandwenttointerviewhimtogetfirst-handinformation.

ThefirsttranslationwasdonebyLinShuin1905andbecamequitepopularinChina.

（2）Plot:

runawayfromhome→becomeasailor→aplanterinBrazil→toanuninhabitedislandbecauseofshipwreck→madealivingthereallbyhimself→saveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisservant→backtoEngland→visittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilled

Originalnameofthenovel:

TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe

apicaresquenovelwithalittlechange（maincharacterisdifferent）

（3）（Discussion）RobinsonCrusoe'

scharacterization:

typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practical,diligent,arestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;

shrewd,careaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;

courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles

（4）（Discussion）Theme:

praisinglaborandman'

scourageandefforttoconquernature,butatthesametimehebeautifiescolonialismandslavery（Friday）

（5）（Asksomequestionsabouttheexcerpt）

WhatisthefirstthingmentionedintheexcerptdonebyRobinson（Thefirstparagraph）（keepinghiscalendar）

HowRobinsonmadeahomeforhimselfstepbystepontheremoteisland

（Findingsomeusefulthingfromthewreckedship-makingalittlepalearoundhistent-makingahutwiththeroof-enlarginghiscaveandmakingitlikeastorehouse-makingachairandatable-makinglargeshelves-keepeverythinginorder

（6）（Discussion）Style:

journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetails,simpleandplainsentencestructureandlanguage,firstpersonpointofview,naturalorderinnarration,makingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclasses

（1）Mainidea

RobinsonCrusoeisaromancebyDefoe.In1704AlexanderSelkirk,whohadrunawaytoseaandjoinedaprivateeringexpeditionunderDampier,wasathisownrequestputashoreontheuninhabitedislandofJuanFernandez.Hewasrescuedin1709byWoodesRogers.Defoewasprobablyfamiliarwithseveralversionsofthistale,andaddedmanyincidentsfromhisownimaginationtohisaccountofCrusoe,presentingitasatruestory.TheextraordinarilyconvincingaccountoftheshipwreckedCrusoe’ssuccessfuleffortstomakehimselfatolerableexistenceinhissolitudefirstrevealedDefoe’sgeniusforvividfiction;

ithasaclaimtobethefirstEnglishnovel.

Theauthortellsnow,withthehelpofafewstoresandutensilssavedfromthewreckandtheexerciseofinfiniteingenuity,Crusoebuilthimselfahouse,domesticatedgoats,andmadehimselfaboat.Hedescribestheperturbationofhismindcausedbyavisitofcannibals,hisrescuefromdeathofanindigenousnativehelaternamesFriday,andfinallythecomingofanEnglishshipwhosecrewareinastateofmutiny,thesubduingofthemutineers,andCrusoe’srescue.

（2）Analysis

InRobinsonCrusoe,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.TherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle-mindedlyagainstthehostilenatureformsthebestpartofthenovel.Robinsonhereisarealhero:

atypical18thcenturyEnglishmiddleclassman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instruggleagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.IndescribingRobinson’slifeontheisland,DefoeglorifieshumanlaborandthePuritanfortitude,whichsaveRobinsonfromdespairandareasourceofprideandhappiness.Hetoilsforthesakeofsubsistence,andthefruitsofhislaborarehisown.

（3）Textexplanation

节选一开始就讲到Robinson在构思建造安身之处，他认为大海旁边并不合适。

接着，他非常详细地说明了选择合适地方的理由。

最后，他选定一个山丘侧面的一块平地，在那儿依着山壁搭起了一个两层的帐篷，上面还蒙上了一层船上搬来的舱盖布，并在山壁上挖出一个洞穴……

在做这些事情过程的间歇中，Robinson持枪外出巡视，发现荒岛上有山羊出没。

但山羊极其怕人，且奔跑速度极快，所以他只好爬上一块岩石上观察以等待时机……

就这样，Robinson有了固定的居住场所，还可以生火做饭，同时他还扩大了那个做地窖用的洞穴。

《鲁宾逊漂流记》是英国文学史上第一部伟大的小说。

笛福从新兴资产阶级和殖民主义的立场出发，歌颂了在Robinson身上所体现出来的百折不挠、冒险进取的殖民精神。

Robinson是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级正面人物形象，读者也应该清醒地认识到他作为资产阶级和殖民主义一员的局限性。

ThethemesofRobinson'

sCrusoe

a.man'

sstrugglesagainstnature

b.glorificationofthebourgeoismenwhohasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtoimprovehislivelihood.

c.Glorificationoflabor（Robinsonlivesonhisownhands）

attackontheinjusticeofEngland'

slegalsystem.Hewascheeredbypeopleasaherotodefendhimself.

Exercises:

1.Peoplealwayssaythat:

"

Asamemberofthemiddleclass,Defoespokeforandtothemembersofhisclass"

.Howdoyouunderstandthissentence?

Pleaseexplainitwiththecharacterofhim.

参考答案：

1）Inmostofhisworks,Defoegavehispraisetothehard-working,sturdymiddleclassandshowedhissympathyforthelower-classpeople.RobinsonCrusoewassuchacharacter.

2）Robisongoesouttosea,getsshipwreckedandmarooned/landedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24yearsthereandfinallyissavedbyashipandreturnstoEngland.DuringtheperiodRobinsonleadsaharshandlonelylifeandsurvivesbygrowingcorps,taminganimals,etc.growingfromanaiveyoungmanintoahardenedman.

3）Withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy（精力充沛）,courageandpersistenceinovercomingdifficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）,instrugglingagainstnature,Crusoebecomestheprototype/representativeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.（他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）．

4）Inthenovel,Defoeglorifiedhumanlaborandthepuritanfortitudewhichthemiddleclasspraisedhighly,sohecanberegardedasaspokesmanofthebourgeois.（P98-100）

2.DanielDefoe’snovelRobinsonCrusoewasagreatsuccesspartlybecausetheprotagonistwasarealmiddle-classhero.DiscussCrusoe,theprotagonistofthenovel,asanembodimentoftherisingmiddleclassvirtuesinthemid-eighteenthcenturyEngland.

Answers:

A.Socialbackground:

TheEighteenthCenturyEnglandwitnessedthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisormiddleclass.

a.TheIndustrialRevolution

b.Theexpansionofinternationalmarkets;

c.Values/virtues/moralstandards/...differentfromthoseofthefeudalaristocraticclass-courageous,fullofenergy,hardworking,practical,resourceful,self-reliant,etc;

thus

d.Literatureshouldgive/providearealisticpresentationofthelifeofthecommonpeople;

itshouldmeetthedemand/interestofthemiddleclasspeople.

B.RobinsonCrusoeembodiesthevirtueofthemiddleclasspeople.

a.Crusoeasanadventurous/courageousmanfullofenergyandcourage:

（examplefromthetext）:

b.Crusoeasapracticalman:

（examplefromthetext）;

c.Crusoeasaresourceful/self-reliantman:

d.Crusoeasapatient/persistentman:

e.Andothers.

3.DanielDefoedescribes______asatypicalEnglishmiddleclassmanofthe18thcentury,theveryprototypeoftheempirebuilderorthepioneercolonist.

A.TomJonesB.Gulliver

C.MollFlandersD.RobinsonCrusoe

4.CrusoeistheherointheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe,ofYork,Mariner（alsoknownasRobinsonCrusoe）by_______.

A.JonathanSwiftB.DanielDefoe

C.GeorgeEliotD.D.H.Lawrence

5.Fridayisacharacterinthenovel_____.

A.Gulliver’s