The LiteratureAmerica文档格式.docx

The LiteratureAmerica文档格式.docx

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theywerereadaloudinfamilycircle（hence“firesidepoets”）

Longfellowwasthemosttechnicallyaccomplishedofthegrou

1．WilliamBradfordandJohnWinthrop

Somethingtheyhadincommon:

a.Worksnotedfortheirsimplicityandhonesty.

b.Workswritten,notfromliteraryambition,butfromasenseoftheneedtorecordimportanteventsinpermanentform.

c.Worksofliteraryexcellencethroughadirectandvigorousprosestyle

d.Bothbeinggovernors.（p.7）

2.JohnCottonandRogerWilliams

Cotton:

spokesmanofMassachusetts“thepatriarchofNewEngland”.

Primaryinfluencewasthroughthealtar/pulpit

moreauthoritative

Williams:

educatedinlaw/distinctlyPuritan

moredemocratic/exiledtoRhodeIsland

WithhimbeganthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica;

andthehistoryoftheseparationofchurchandstate.（P.10）

3.AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor

Bradstreet:

borninEngland/amemberofthegentry/herbrother-in-lawmakingherfirstworkspublished

TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica（1650）

（movinglyconveyedherfeelingsconcerningreligionandherfamily）

Sherevealsacomplexemotionallifeinherpoetry,alifemuchboundbytheassumptionsandattitudesofcolonialPuritanism.

Herpoetryisinaplainstyle,controlledintoneandmood,andpreciseinpoeticstatement

4.EdwardTaylorthebestofthePuritanpoets

⏹BorninnEngland

⏹EmigratedtoMassachusettsin1668

⏹Hispoetryislatebaroque（结构复杂、形象奇特而又模糊）instyle.

⏹HewrotelyricsthatshowedhisdelightinChristianbeliefandexperience.

Mostofhisworkstreatedreligiousthemes,withmanypoemsbaseddirectlyonthePsalms.

LiteratureofRevolution

（1）

（1763~1810）

⏹Thehistoricalbackground:

（pp.14-15）

⏹TheologyandpoliticsweretwoimportantsubjectsinearlyAmericanwriting.

⏹ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence.

⏹Bythemid-18thcentury,“state”begantoreplace“colony”—animportantsignofpoliticaltrend.

⏹TheWarofIndependence

⏹Literaryactivitiesweregrowing.

Background:

Enlightenmentmovement（P.16）

（atermusedtodescribealiteraryandphilosophicalmovementinEuropebetween1660and1770.InEnglanditissometimesreferredtoas“theAgeofReason.”Theagewascharacterizedbyaprofoundfaithinthepowersofhumanreasonandadevotiontoclarityofthought,toharmony,proportionandbalance.ItflourishedinFrance.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenglightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.

Writer’scharacteristic:

clarityandprecision

⏹TheAmericanenlightenersopposedthemselvestotheoldcolonialorderandreligiousobscurantism.Theydisseminatedknowledgeandadvocatedrevolutionaryideas.

⏹AmericanEnlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthepuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.

⏹ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.

17thC.Am.Litwasprimarilyreligious,

18thC.Am.Lit.waspolitical.

⏹AlthoughAm.Lit.didnotachievefullmaturityinthe18thcentury,itsscopewasatleastwidened.

1stmagazinesin1741

⏹PublicOccurrences,1stAm.newspaper,1690（justforreference）

Thomaspaine

greatcommonerofmankind,Franklinrecommendhim“aningeniousworthyyoungman”

⏹ThemostarticulatespokesmanorpamphleteerofAm.Revolution

⏹CametoUSwiththehelpB.Franklin

⏹IndictedfortreasonandforcedtotakerefugeinFrance

Work

⏹CommonSense（1776）:

itcalledforindependence.ItdisplaysPaine’sgreatgeniusformemorablephrasesandemotion-packedlanguage.

⏹TheAmericanCrisis（1776~1783）:

itishischiefcontributiontoAm.RevolutionandAm.Lit.

⏹TheAgeofReason（1794）:

itisaboutreligion.

TheAmericanCrisis

⏹Style:

（Thehabitualmannerofexpressionofanauthor.Anauthor’sstyleistheproductofchoices,madeconsciouslyorunconsciously,aboutelementssuchasorganization,diction,imagery,pace,andevencertainrecurringthemesorsubjects.）

Paine’sstyle

⏹Hepossessedthegiftofusingkeywordsandphraseswhichhadamagneticeffectuponthosewhoreadthem.

⏹Hecouldelectrify（stimulateorexcitesb.suddenly）hisaudiencewiththewrittenwords.

⏹Theessayswerewritteninasimple,clear,andforcefulstyle.

⏹Hewrotewithurgency,excitement,andboldsimplicity.

⏹Hewasamasterofrhetorician（雄辩家）.Hisargumentswerecruellysimple,hispresentationofissuesblandly（平淡无奇的）elementary.

ThomasJefferson

⏹DraftingcommitteeofDeclarationofIndependence（P35）:

JohnAdams,Franklin,RogerSherman,RobertR.LivingstonandThomasJefferson.

⏹“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,theytheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights:

thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.”

Washiongtonirving

⏹Firstgreatbelletrist纯文学的/firstgreatprosestylistofAm.Romanticism,FatherofAm.shortstory

⏹HiscontributiontoAmlitisuniqueinmorethanoneway:

1）OneofthefirstAm.writerstoearnaninternationalreputation;

theoneAmauthorEuropeansknewabout.2）theshortstoryasagenreinAmLitprobablybeganwithhisTheSketchBook.

⏹alwayswroteforpleasureandtoproducepleasure.（p.60）

work

⏹HistoryofNewYork（1809）,asatire

⏹SketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.（1820）hisfinestandmosttypicalbook,aninternationalsuccess.

RipVanWinkle《瑞普·

凡·

温克尔》,widelyrecognizedasthefirstmodernshortstory,demonstratedforthefirsttimetheimmenseartisticachievementpossibleinshortfictionandsetahighstandardforsubsequentAmericanshort-storywriters.

LegendofSleepyHollow《睡谷的传说》

BasicElement:

Plot

⏹Def.:

thesequenceofeventsinastoryandtheirrelationtooneanother.

⏹Structure:

（Aristotle:

b,m,e）:

exposition:

providesthebackgroundinfoweneed

describesthesetting1）time2）place

introducemajorcharactersandsituation

character

⏹Flat~:

simple,one-dimensional,unsurprising,andusuallyunchangingorstatic

⏹Round~:

complex,full,describedindetail,oftencontradictory,andusuallydynamic,orchanginginsomewayduringthestory.

plot

⏹conflict:

thestrugglebetweenopposingforcesinaplot.

Typesofconflict:

1）managainstman2）managainstnature3）managainsthimself

⏹Risingaction:

thedramatizationofeventsthatcomplicatethesituationandgraduallyintensifytheconflict.

⏹Climax:

theturningpointofthestory,itsemotionalhighpoint.

⏹FallingAction:

thefourthstageofthenarrationwheretheconflictproceedstowardresolution.

⏹Denouement:

theconclusion/resolutionoftheplot,inwhichthefallingactionisbroughttoacloseandtheoutcomeoroutcomesoftheclimaxarepresentedtothereader.

Thelegendofsleepyhollow

⏹Theplotofthestory

⏹Character:

（anypersonwhoplaysapartinanarrative.）

⏹IchabodCrane

⏹BromVanBrunt（BromBones）

⏹KatrinaVanTassel

⏹ForthefirsttimeinAm.Litthereis,inthecharacterizationofBromBones,thefigureofthefrontiersmansoimportanttoAm.LitandAm.Popularculture:

physicallyimposing,self-confident,roughandready,untutoredbutendowedwithgreatnaturalvirtues.

Irving‘sstorycharacteristics

⏹InhismostsuccessfulstoriesIrvingcombinedthestrikingincidentpatternoffolktale,thepolishedlanguageandengagingauthorialpersonaoffamiliaressays,andthecloselyobserveddetailofdescriptivesketches;

inhisbestworkhispervasivehumormutes（weakens）hissentimentalityandhisfrequentstrivingafterGothiceffects.

Jamescooper

⏹FirstAmnovelist

⏹Beganhisliterarycareeronadare

⏹Hisfamerestsonhisfrontierstories

⏹Knownas“theAmericanScott”SirWalterScott:

Scottishnovelist,poet,critic

work

⏹TheSpy1821《间谍》

⏹ThePilot1823《领航者》

⏹TheLeatherstockingTales《皮裹腿故事集》

⏹ThePioneers1823《拓荒者》

⏹TheLastoftheMohicans1826《最后的莫希干人》

⏹ThePrairie1827《大草原》

⏹ThePathfinder1840《探路者》

⏹TheDeerslayer1841《杀鹿者》

NattyBumppo

⏹Thecentralfigureinhisnovels

⏹Goesbyvariousnames

⏹Deerslayer

⏹Pathfinder

⏹Hawkeye

achievement

⏹HeinventedthespynovelwithTheSpy,whichbroughthimtheinternationalfame.

⏹HeiscreditedwithhavinginventedtheWesterninTheLeatherstockingTalesandtheseaadventurewithThePilot.

⏹Hisabilitytotelltalesofromanceandadventureinconvincinglyoftenbeautifullydescribedsettingswonhimadevotedreadershipandearnedatitle“theAmericanScott”.

⏹HewascreditedwithearlyAmericandevelopmentsofinternationaltheme,thethemeofthePuritanconscience,thefamilysaga（家事小说）,theutopiananddystopian（非理想化的）novel,andtheseriesnovel.

⏹HestandsattheheadwatersoftheAmericantraditionoffiction.

⏹Hecontributedsigni