BrazilWord格式文档下载.docx

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Humantraffickingisstillaninvisiblecrime.Whatwehaveherenowisrealimpunity.Anaverageof1,000personsayeararerecruitedinBrazilandsentabroad,thepublicprosecutor’sofficesaidatapublichearingonTraffickinginpersons:

Prevention,repression,careofvictimsand（illegal）associations–thatitheldinthiscityonFriday,May17.

Thegoalwastogatherandshareinformationaboutcombatinghumantraffickingandtoorganizejointactiontopreventandcrackdownonthecrime.ThemeetingfocusedonBrazil’sroleasasourcecountryofvictimsforotherpartsoftheworld.

Brazilisalsoadestinationcountryforvictimsofhumantrafficking,andthereisinternaltraffickingofBraziliansforexploitationwithinthecountry’sbordersaswell.

RelatedIPSArticles

Inthelastthreeyears,3,000Braziliansweretransportedabroadandsubjectedmainlytosexualexploitationandslavelabor,participantsatthemeetingdescribed.

“Thisisasignificantnumber.Alargegroupofpeoplehavebeendeprivedoftheirdignity.Thethousandsofcasesdocumentedeveryyeardonotrepresentthetotal,becausewedonotknowhowmanycasesescapedournotice,”saidfederaldeputyattorney-generalRaquelEliasFerreiraDodge.

Theactualnumberofvictimssentabroadby 

humantraffickingrings 

isunknown,participantsatthemeetingagreed.

“Wehavetoworkmoreeffectivelysothatthesecrimesarecondemnedwithoutdelay.Thecrimeoftraffickinginpersonsinjureshumandignity,”saidDodge,whoisamemberoftheHigherCouncilofthefederalpublicprosecutor’soffice（MPF）.

Shesaid,“Slavelabournegatesthepersonhoodoftheindividualandconvertsthevictimintomerchandisethatcanbesmuggledandtrafficked.”

ButhinderingthefightagainsthumantraffickinginBrazilisthefactthatitisonlyacrimewhenitleadstosexualexploitationorslavelabor,ErickBlatt,therepresentativeofthefederalpoliceinRiodeJaneiro,toldIPS.

“Itisveryhardtoidentifythecrime;

investigationscanonlybeinitiatedonthebasisofreports,withoutthecertaintythatillegalitycanbeproved,”saidBlatt,whoisalsotherepresentativeofInterpol,theinternationalcriminalpoliceorganization,forthestateofRiodeJaneiro.

Moreover,whenitcomestointernationaltrafficking,“mostpeoplegovoluntarilytotheplacewheretheyareexploited:

themajoritydonotknowthattheirpassportsaregoingtobetakenaway,”hesaid.

TheInternationalOrganizationforMigration（IOM）defineshumantraffickingas“therecruitment,transportation,transfer,harboringorreceiptofpersons,bymeansofthethreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,forthepurposeofexploitation.”

Theformsofcoercioncitedare“abduction,fraud,deception,theabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerabilityorthegivingorreceivingofpaymentsorbenefitstoachievetheconsentofapersonhavingcontroloveranotherperson.”

Peoplesmuggling,ontheotherhand,islimitedtoprofitingfromcovertlytransportingmigrants,attheirrequest,fromonecountrytoanotherwherelegalentrywouldnormallybedeniedattheborder.Thisisillegal,butnodeceptionmaybeinvolved.

Article231ofBrazil’scriminalcodedefinesthecrimeofsexualexploitation,andarticle149describessubjectiontoslave-likeconditions.Bothcrimesarepunishedrelativelyleniently,withlightersentencesthanforotheroffences.

TheUnitedNationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,adoptedin2000andratifiedbyBrazilin2003,specificallyidentifieshumantraffickingcrimesandproposeswide-rangingpunishments,whichBrazilhasstillnotincorporatedinitslaws.

“Wearegoingagainsttheflowofinternationallegislation.InBrazil,theissuehasbeeninadequatelytreated.Humantraffickingisacrimeagainsthumanitythatrobspeopleoftheirhumandignity,”JudgeBarroscomplained.

Hesaidthebestmeasuresforfightinghumantraffickingwerethosethatblocktheassetsofthetraffickingrings,inordertoattacktheireconomicflank.

Traffickinginpersonsisrunbycomplexinternationalcrimesyndicatesthat,inBrazil,recruitpoorwomenwhohavenoopportunitiesforabetterlife,lawyerMichelleGueraldioftheTramaProject,anumbrellagroupforNGOsthatcombathumantrafficking,toldIPS.

Thesewomenemigratevoluntarily,oftenoutofthedesiretoimprovetheirlives,andendupbeingexploitedinSpain,theUnitedStates,PortugalandCaribbeancountries,amongothers,shesaid.

BlattaddedthatBrazil,inturn,isadestinationcountryforwomenvictimsofhumantraffickingfromEasternEurope,especiallyHungaryandPoland.

“Traffickinginpersonsisaviolationofhumanrights.TheTramaProjectisworkingonpreventionandonvictimprotection.Wealsoreceivedenunciationsofcases,andwefindthatthemajorityofrecruitersarepersonsknowntoandtrustedbythevictims,”Gueraldisaid.

InFebruarytheBraziliangovernmentestablisheditsSecondPlantoCombatTraffickinginPersons,butthechallengeistoputthesepoliciesintopractice,shesaid.

BlattadmittedthattracingvictimsofhumantraffickingacrossbordersisdifficultforthelocalpoliceandforInterpol.

“IfcommunicationsbetweenthepoliceandtheprosecutorsareslowhereinBrazil,imaginewhatcommunicationsarelikebetweenpoliceforcesinternationally,”hesaid.

Humantraffickingisextremelylucrative.InEuropealoneitgeneratessome3.2billiondollarsayear,accordingtospeakersatthemeeting.

TheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime（UNODC）saysthereareatleast2.5millionvictimsofhumantraffickingworldwide.AsurveybyUNODCfoundthat58percentofrespondentswerevictimsofsexualexploitationand36percentofslavelabor.

2.BrazilAnnouncesNewAnti-HumanTraffickingMeasures

Brazilhasannouncedathree-yearplantocombathumantrafficking,includingtougherbordercontrolsandarevisionofthepenalcode,inacountrywhereforcedlaborisbelievedtoaffecttensofthousandsofpeople.

TheBraziliangovernmentplanstoinvest 

almost$3millionintocreatingtennewcontrolpostsinbordertowns,whichwillaimtoprovidevictims’services,andthetrainingof400staff.Thepenalcodewillalsobereformedtocriminalizetheillegaladoptionofchildren,organextraction,andforcedlabor.

"

Brazildoesnotwanttosee 

itspeopletrafficked,exploited,nordoesitwanttobeaplacewhereLatinAmericanorAfricanimmigrantsareexploited,"

saidHumanRightsSecretaryMariadeRosario.

ThenewprojectagainsthumantraffickingisthesecondnationalplanofthedecadeinBrazilandwilllastuntil2016. 

Thefirstnationalplan 

wasimplementedbetween2008and2010.

InSightCrimeAnalysis

Onequestioniswhetherbycommitting$3milliontonewborderchecks,Brazilisinvestingenoughresourcestomakeadentintheproblem.Thecountryseesasignificantnumberofpeopletraffickedabroad:

areportreleasedlastyear 

bytheBrazilianMinistryofJusticesaid 

nearly500Brazilianvictimsofhumantraffickingwereidentifiedasleavingthecountrybetween2005and2011,withmorethan70percentofthosecasesbeingsexualexploitation.MostofthesexualexploitationcaseswerefoundinSuriname,whichisusedasatransitcountryfortraffickingvictimstotheNetherlands.

Itisalsoworthquestioningwhetherthereformstothepenalcodewillresultinahighernumberofsuccessfulprosecutionsrelatedtothecrime. 

AsnotedbytheUSStateDepartment,Brazilianlawsalreadyprohibitmostformsofhumantrafficking--however,during2011therewerenoprosecutionsofinternalsextrafficking,andinvestigationsinto67reportsoftransnationalsextraffickingresultedinjusttwoconvictions.

Meanwhile,justsevenconvictionsweresecuredrelatedtoslavelaborcases.SlavelaborisaparticularprobleminBrazil,estimatedtoaffectupto40,000people, 

accordingtonon-governmentalorganization（NGO）CatholicReliefServices.Whilethenewnationalanti-humantraffickingplanisalsointendedtocrackdownonslavelaborrecruitment,again,oneofthemostsignificantchallengeswillbeensuringthatslavelaborcasesactuallyendwithconvictionsincourt.SlavelaborinBrazilislinkedtopowerfulfinancialinterests,andthusfarthejudicialsystemhasnotprovedtobeaneffectivetoolincombatingtheproblem.

3.ReportsofHumanTraffickingRiseDramaticallyInBrazil

ThenumberofreportsofhumantraffickinginBrazil 

hasrisen1,500percentin2013,accordingtogovernmentfigures,indicatinganincreasedawarenessofacrime,whichremainsamajorprobleminthecountry.

The 

SecretariatofWomen'

sPoliciesannounced 

adedicatedgovernmentreportinghotlinehadregistered263allegationsofthecrimeduringthefirstsixmonthsoftheyear,comparedto17overthesameperiodin2012.

Ofthose263cases,170werereportsofinternationalhumantrafficking,while90relatedtocasesinsideBrazil.Mostoftheinternationalreportswereofsextrafficking,while42wereaccusationsoflabortraffickingand2oforgantrafficking.Ofthedomesticreports,64wereofsextrafficking,25wereo