Writing Thesis in EnglishWord格式.docx

Writing Thesis in EnglishWord格式.docx

《Writing Thesis in EnglishWord格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Writing Thesis in EnglishWord格式.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

HeartMetaphorsinChineseandJapanese

MetaphorsintheNewsIntroductions

3.Youshouldbeabletogetaccesstothematerialsrelated.

4.Youshouldfollowastandardsequenceofsteps.

ChapterII

TheProcessofResearchandResearchWriting

FiveSourcesofInformation:

1.encyclopedias

2.biographicaldictionariesandindexes

3.bookindexes

4.journalindexes

5.computerdatabases

6..internetsources

StepsforSearching:

1.Searchbykeywords.

2.Scanindexesandlookforthetitleyouareinterestedin.

3.Downloadthepaperyouwanttoread.

Howtomakeworkingbibliographiccards:

Articles:

Electronicsources:

Books:

TakingNotes:

Paraphrasingsource:

AccordingtoLakoffandJohnson（1980:

119-125）andJohnsonandLakoff（2002）,meaningistheresultofinteractionbetweenembodiedsensorymotorandcognitivestructuresontheonehandandtheenvironmentontheother.Inotherwords,meaningcomesnotfrominternalstructuresoftheorganismalone,norfromexternalinputalone,butfromtherecurringpatternsofengagementbytheformerwiththelatter.Oneofthewaystheserecurringpatternsmanifestthemselvesisconceptualmetaphor,theanalysisofwhichhasamassedalargebodyofliterature.

ChapterIV:

Fivelayersofstyles:

Frozen:

inreports,officialdocuments,businessletters,scholarlyandscientificarticles,anddignifiedpublicspeeches

Example:

ThisistocertifythatLiYing（female,bornin1984）,nowresidingat187NanjingRoadmHepingDistrict,TianjinisthedaughterofLiTaowhoresidesinCanda.

DearSir:

Iwishtoyourattentionthefactthatmyperformancehasimprovedimmeasurablyintermsofincreasedcontractproductionanduniquecustomergeneration.Therefore,intheinterestoffairness,Irequestanappropriatemonetaryreward.

Formal:

Moderateandconsultative:

Casualandcolloquial

Intimate

ThreebigoriginsofEnglishwords:

Saxons

French

Latin

Principlesofgooddiction:

Preferthefamiliarwordstothefar-fetched.

Prefertheconcretewordstotheabstract.

Preferthesinglewordtothecircumlocution.

Prefertheshortwordtothelong.

PrefertheSaxsonwordtotheRomance.

Examplesofdifferentdiction

Thereisnothingnewintherecognition,withinagivenlanguage,ofadistinctionbetweencommonusageandusesofthelanguageformorerestrictedpurposesandoftenenough,perhapscharacteristically,moreelevatedpurposes.ThemonolithicnatureofEnglishisnotquestionedwhenliteraryessayistslikeEmersoncontrastpoetryandcommonspeech.ThelatterisrecognizedinAmericatobethepropersubjectfortheinvestigationoflinguistswho,however,nowshowsomeincipientinclinationtotheinvestigatepoetry,too,andothernoncasualutteranceinagivenlanguage.

Youhaveyourtension.Sometimesyoucomeclosetohavinganaccidentthatupsetsyou.Youjustescapemaybebyahairorso.Sometimesmaybeyougetadisgruntledpassengeronthere,andstartsabigargument.Traffic.Youhavesomeonewhocutsyouofforstopsinfrontofthebus.There’salotoftensionbehindthat.Yougottowatchallthetime.You’rewatchingthedrivers,you’rewatchin’othercars.Mostofthetime,youhavetodrivefortheotherdrivers,toavoidhittingthem.Soyoutakethetensionhomewithyou.Andmostoftherunsarelongruns.From

oneendofthelinetotheotherwouldbeaboutanhourandtwentyminutes.Mostofthedrivers,they’llsufferhemorrhoids,kidneytrouble,andsuchasthat.Ihadacaseofulcersbehindit.

WhenIwasakidandreadingeveryfictionbookinthelibrary,Iusedtowonderexactlyhowthefuturewouldhappen.BythatIdon’tmeanwhatthefuturewouldbelike—sciencefictionalreadytoldmethat—butratherhowwe’dactuallygetthere.Sciencefictionbooksseemedtoagree,forexample,thatinthefuturetherewouldbenomoney—alltransactionswouldbemadeviaidentitycardsandcentralizedcomputers.Butthatseemeddubioustome:

how,Iwondered,areyougoingtogeteverybodytogiveupmoneyinthefirstplace?

Inmakingagooddiction,youneedtotellstandardandnonstandardEnglish,formalandcolloquialEnglish,slang,specificandconcretewords,archaisms,obsoletewords.

Someexamplesofconcretewords:

individual,man,chap,fellow,guy

agoodman:

kind,honest,just,generous,sympathetic,warm-hearted,selfless,honorable

goodfood:

tasty,nourishing,rich,wholesome,high-priced,freshsubstantial

houseorbuilding:

mansion,villa,chateau,cottage,bungalow,cabin,hut,shack,shanty.Shed,barn,warehouse

laugh:

smile,grin,beam,giggle,titter,snigger,chuckle,chortle,guffaw

walk:

stroll,stride,drag,shuffle,slouch,stagger,totter,limp,wander

badweather:

windy,dusty,icy,rainy,moist,

PopularandLearned:

A（popular）B（learned）

agreeconcur

endterminate

breakfracture

clearlucid

cleverintelligent

showexhibit

quitresign

makeeasyfacilitate

proveverify

surrendercapitulate

wordyverbose

CommendatoryandDerogatory

AB

slenderskinny

frugalmiserly

firmpigheaded

famousnotorious

statesmanpolitician

braveryfoolhardiness

intellectualegghead

confidenceconceit

modesthumble

Blacknigger

Degreeofwords:

Anger,rage,fury,indignation

Concreteness

Theirneighborisaveryniceoldlady.（vague）

Theirneighborisakindandhelpfuloldlady.（concrete）

ThefilmIsawlastnightwasverygood.（vague）

ThefilmIsawlastnightwasamusingandinstructive.（concrete）

TheweatherinwinterinnChangshaisterrible.（vague）

TheweatherinwinterinCyhangshaiscoldandmoist.（concrete）

Themanateabigmeal.（generalandvague）

Robertdevouredalargesteak,abakedpotato,ahotdogandtwobottlesofQindao.

Concisenessandbriefness:

Owingtothefactthathewasdownwithillness,hedidnotmakehisappearanceatthemeeting.

Hedidnotattendthemeetingbecausehewasill.

Duringlastsummervacation,therewasaweekendwhenafriendofmybrotherwasaguestatmyhome.

Afriendofmybrothervisitedusataweekendlastsummervacation.

You’dbetterthinkitoverandconsideritcarefully.

You’dbetterthinkitover.

Imissedthelastbus,soIhadtowalkonfootbackhome.

Imissedthelastbus,soIhadtowalkbackhome.

Thesoundlabisopenbothtothestudentswhoarestudyinginourdepartmentandtothestudentswhoarefromotherdepartmentsinouruniversity.

Thesoundlabisopentothestudentsbothinandoutofourdepartmentinouruniversity.

4．2，4．3,4.5Tone,VoicesandTenses

Avoidsubjectiveexpressions,

Avoidusingmorefirstperson,

InourbookMetaphorsWeLiveBy（1980）,wepresentedevidencethattakingtheexistenceofconceptualmetaphorseriouslywouldrequire

amassiverethinkingofmanyfoundationalassumptionsintheWestern

philosophicaltraditionconcerningmeaning,conceptualization,reason,

knowledge,truth,andlanguage.Inthetwentyyearsbetweenthatbook

andPhilosophyintheFlesh（1999）,amushroomingbodyofadditional

empiricalevidencefromlinguistics,psychology,cognitiveneuroscience,

andanthropologybecameavailable,whichnotonlyreinforcedour

originalclaimsaboutthepervasive,constitutivenatureofconceptual

metaphor,butalsorevealedimplicationsfortraditionalphilosophythat

wereevenmoredevastatingthanweatfirstimagined.

However,Rakovadeniestheveryexistenceofconceptualmetaphorof

thesortthatweandothersinourdisciplinehavebeenprovidingevidence

foroverthepasttwentyyears.Theargumentshegivesisaphilosophical,

notanempiricalone.SheassertsthatthemainpointIwanttomakehereisthattheideaofthemetaphoricstructuringofconceptsisonlytenableifanextremeempiricismofLakoffandJohnson’skindisaccepted.However,itisdoubtfulthatanyversionofextremeempiricismcanever

turnouttobetrue.（p.218）

4.6SentenceStructure

Sentencesense:

Avoidfragments,commafaults,danglingmodifiers,anddependentclauses

Fragment:

Theoldmansittingthebench.

Therailroadbringingsettlers,newmoney,andaccesstonewmarkettotheterritory.

Commamistakes:

Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield.

Peopleareworriedaboutthefuture,theyareespeciallyconcernedaboutthesocialstabilityandtheeconomy

Danglingmodifiers:

Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.

Aftercorrection,theseconddraftofthepaperwasmuchbetterthanthefirst.

Althoughseriouslyill,thebossmadeherworktenoursadayinthehotworkshop.

Dependentclause:

ShedecidedtolearnJapanese.Becauseitisausefullanguage.

Unity,coherence,goodorderandcompletenessarevirtuesofagoodEnglishsentence.

Unity:

Wehadapartyyesterdayanditwasagreatsuccess.

●WehadapartyyesterdayandKarlwasill.

WehadapartyyesterdaybutKarlwasabsentfromit.

Coherenceofasentence:

Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsmadeunmistakablyclear.Coherenceisviolatedwhenfaultslikethefollowingappearinasentence:

faultyparallelconstructions,ambiguousreferenceofpronouns,danglingormisplacedmodifiers,confusingshifts,mi