英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案Word文档格式.docx
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2.
WhyimpossibletosumupBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases:
TheUKismadeupofdifferentelements.Itincludes4partswithintheonenation-state.Itisnowamultiracialsocietywithdifferentreligionbelieves.Itisdividedeconomicallyanditisasocietywithaclass-structure.Andwithineachofthefourcountriestherearedifferentregions.Sincethiscountrywassocomplicatedbothinhistoryorhumanity,itisimpossibletosumuptheirpeople.
3.
Ahistoryofinvasions:
(1)Beforethe1stcenturyADBritainwasmadeupoftribalkindomsofCelticpeople.TheybroughtthecentralEuropenculturetoBritain.Thenin43AD,RomanEmpireinvadedBritainandcontrolleditforslavesocietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.
(2)However,inthe5thcentury,theRomanEmpirerapidlywanedinpowerandBritainwasconqueredbytheAnglesandtheSaxons.InordertodefendtheSaxons,agreatleader—KingArthurappeared.Hecreatedthe"
roundtable"
tosatisfyalltheknights'
requirementofhavingequalprecedence.ThusitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthur'
sarealpersoninthehistoryornot,Anglo-SaxonsdidsucceedininvadingBritainandtheyweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.(3)Inthe8thcentury,theVikingsfromDenmarkcontrolledthenothernandeasternEngland.AAnglo-Saxonherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainstthevikingswiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat'
swhythere'
sacertainculturaldifferencebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland(4)Later,theNomansfromnorthernFrance,undertheleadingofWilliamofNormandy,killedthekingandWilliambecametheFristofEngland.TheyimportedarullingclassthatFrench-speakingNormanaristocracyrulledSaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.Inthiscondition,thereweren'
talotofrebellionsamongtheEnglishpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEnglishuniquecharacter:
arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Eventoday,wecanstillfindthispersonalityfromtheBritishpeoplethroughtheirlifestyles.
Howdidtheyinfluenceculture:
[接着上边一起看]
(2)alotofstoriesofKingArthur,whichbroughtalotofsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.Placesassociatedwithhislegend.RoundtablewasweenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator.(3)anglo-saxoninvadersweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.ByVikings'
settlementstheEnlishheroesweretrulyEnglish.Thereremainstothisdayacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland.(4)NormanaristocracyrulingalargelySaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.thelegendofRobinHood.
4.
GeneralcharacteristicofScotland:
Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.
(1)rugged.
(2)notconqueredbytheRomans(3)maintainitsseparatepoliticalidentityformorethanahundredyears.(4)eagerforindependence.
HowScotlandbecamepartoftheunionofGreatBritain:
in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745therewasabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritisharmy.TherebelarmywasdestroyedatthebattleofCullodeninnorthernScotland.
5.
DescribeWalesandtheunificationwithBritain:
(1)waleswasanimportantelementinBritain'
sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Itissuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.
(2)WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.In1536,waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.Thiscloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses---itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.
6.
DifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition:
[书上说的比较散,建议参考festival那章的答案,这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较]
(1)Englishcharacter:
arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Butyoungpeoplearenotallstereotypes.Butitiscertainlytruethatthelifelessfrontsofmanyenglishhousesconcealbeautifulbackgardens.
(2)ThedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience."
SuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity."
SomepeoplespeakGaelic.(3)Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdiffeneceistheWelshlanguage--theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.ModernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses.(itslegalsystemandeducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland)
Unit2
1.
WhyisNorthernIrelandsosignificantintheUK:
ThoughNorthernIrelandissmallitissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.
Itspoliticalproblem:
TheproblemisinNorthernIrelandin1921insouthernIrelandindependencefromBritain,IrelandNorthandSouthfollowingtheseparationofissuesleftoverbyhistory,mixeditwithhistorical,political,ethnicandreligiousconflicts,extremelycomplex.Ireland’sindependence,toremainunderBritishrulewithintheframeworkofthe6inthenorthernislandofIrelandresidentsofthepro-BritishProtestantmajority(about51%),theCatholicnationalistminority(about38%),asaresultofthetwomajorforcesinNorthernIrelandOnthecontrarypositionofownershipandleadtoconfrontation,conflict.[因为发现实在太难sumup了,所以就搜了一下,以下是wikipedia版本]NorthernIrelandwasformanyyearsthesiteofaviolentandbitterethno-politicalconflict—theTroubles—whichwascausedbydivisionsbetweennationalists,whoarepredominantlyRomanCatholic,andunionists,whoarepredominantlyProtestant.UnionistswantNorthernIrelandtoremainasapartoftheUnitedKingdom,[6]whilenationalistswishforittobepoliticallyreunitedwiththerestofIreland,independentofBritishrule.[网络其它版本]Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland"
notonly"
NorthernIreland"
becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'
sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"
home-rule"
—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.
FactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday:
Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.
SumupsolutionstoNI'
spoliticalproblemsofdifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUK:
MargaretThatcher'
sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'
srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"
TheBulletandtheBallotBox"
.
WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland:
IthinktheycanasktheUNforhelp./Keepthepresentstatus.Turntoothercountriesforhelp.[自由发挥啦]
Unit3
1.
CharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy:
ThemonarchofthecountryhaslimitedrightsbecauseofBillofRight.Forexample,whiletheofficialheadofstateisthequeen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.
HowtheEnglishmonarchyevolvedtopresentconstitutionalmonarchy:
Originallythepowerofthemonarchwaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe"
divinerightofkings"
.ForathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofthestate.WhiletheKingintheoryhadGodonhisside,inpracticeeveninmedievaltimesitwasthoughtthatheshouldnotexerciseabsolutepower.Ki