词汇学13文档格式.docx

词汇学13文档格式.docx

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belong 

to 

the 

Germantic 

branch 

of 

Indo-European 

language 

family. 

B. 

Danish

added 

end 

words 

indicate 

Grammatik 

relationships 

known 

as 

（）morphemes. 

C. 

inflectional 

attached 

other 

morphemes 

create 

new 

（）affixes. 

B 

.derivational 

二、.Complete 

statements 

with 

proper 

or 

expressions 

填空题 

affixation 

Is 

formation 

by 

adding 

prefixes 

bases. 

2. 

Almost 

affixes 

bound 

because 

few 

independent 

words. 

三、配对

四、Define 

terms. 

名词解释题 

五、Answer 

questions，简答题

WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.

六、1. 

Analyze 

morphological 

structures 

point 

out 

types 

morphemes. 

1Destructive 

de+struct+tive 

2antibiotic 

anti+bio+tic

3composition 

com+po+si+tion4unbearable 

un+bear+able

5international 

inter+nation+nal6ex-prisoner 

ex+prison+er 

2.Theword“deer”originallymeant“animal”,butnowitreferstoaspecificanimal.

Whatkindofword-meaningchangehasthewordexperienced

Whataccountsforthechangeofword-meaning

1）Theword“deer”hasexperiencednarrowingorspecializationofmeaning.

2）Thenarrowingofword-meaningiscausedbytheinfluxofborrowings,oneofthemajorlinguisticfactorsleadingtothechangeofword-meaning.Theword“deer”originallymeant“animal”,andlatertheword“animal”fromLatinandtheword“beast”fromFrenchfoundtheirwayintoEnglish.Asthethreetermsweresynonymous,“animal”retainedtheoriginalmeaning,themeaningof“deer”wasnarrowedand“beast”changedincolour.

Chapter1

:

awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform;

withaunityofsoundandmeaning（bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning）,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.

Awordis

aminimalfreeformofalanguage;

asoundunity;

aunityofmeaning;

aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

Awordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction

Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.

isthelanguageofahighlycolloquialtype,consideredasbelowthelevelofstandardeducatedspeech,andconsistingeitherofnewwordsorofcurrentwordsusedinsomesocialsense.

arethetermspeculiartoaclass,sect,tradeorprofession.

meansthevocabularypeculiartotheunderworld.

5.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria

Byorigin：

nativewords，borrowedwords

Byusage：

commonwords，literarywords，colloquialwords，slangwords，technicalwords

Bynotion：

functionwords，contentwords

nativewordsfeatures:

1.All-nationalcharacterEveryEnglishpersonusesthewordsofthenativeelement.

2.GreatstabilityThenativeelementlivesforcenturiesprovidingtheEnglishwithabasisforthe

formationofnewwords.

3.MonosyllabicThenativeelementinModemEnglishismostlymonosyllabic.

4.Word-formingabilityThegreatstabilityandsemanticpeculiaritiesofAnglo-Saxonwordsaccountforthegreatwordbuildingpower.

5.WidecollocabilityManynativewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idioms,phrasesandproverbialsayings.

6.PluralityofmeaningsMostofthenativewordshaveundergonestrikingtransformationsinsemanticstructure,andarenowadayshighlypolysemantic

7.HighfrequencyvalueThenativeelement（wordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin）formsthebulkofthemostfrequentelementsusedinanystyleofspeech

8.StylisticallyneutralMostnativewordsarestylisticallyneutral.

Classificationoftheborrowedwords:

Aliens:

arewordsborrowedfromaforeignlanguagewithoutanychangeoftheforeignsoundandspelling.FromFrench:

elite,coupé

Denizens:

areforeignwordswhichhavebeenconformedtonativeEnglishinaccent,spellingandeveninadoptionofanEnglishaffix,orwordsmadeupoftwopartsbothfromforeignsoil.get（aScandinavianborrowing）

theater（aFrenchloan）sociology（socio-fromFrenchand-logyfromGreek）

Translation-Loans:

arewordsandexpressionsformedfromthematerialalreadyexistinginEnglish,butaccordingtopatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,bywayofliteralmorpheme-for-morphemetranslation.blackhumour（fromFrenchhumornoir）

foundobject（fromFrenchobjecttrouve）

SemanticLoanwords:

arewordsofanewmeaningduetotheinfluenceofarelatedwordinanotherlanguage,orwordswhichacquirednewmeaningsundertheinfluenceoflanguageorlanguagesotherthanthesourcetongue.（giftmeant“thepriceofawife”inOldEnglishandafterthesemanticborrowingofthemeaningofgiftorpresentoftheScandinaviantermgipt,itmeantandstillmeans“gift”inthemodernsenseofit.）

ClassificationofEnglishWordsbyusage

Commonwordsareconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.

Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.InEnglish,mostoftheliterarywordsareofFrench,LatinorGreekorigin.Forexample,cast（throw）,edifice（building）,endeavor（try）,purchase（buy）,etc.Moreexamples:

recognition,distinction,inclination,dubious,amelioration…

colloquialwordsorexpressionsareusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,asinconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues.Theycanalsobeuseininformalwritings,butareinappropriateinformalspeechesorwritings.Theyaremarkedcolloq.orinformalindictionaries.Suchas:

kid,guy,fellow,gay…

区别literarywordandcolloquialwordandcommonword

Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.（literary）

Tomfeltsodog-tiredhehitthesackearly.（colloquial）

Johnwasdismissedforpettythieving.（common）

Johnwasfiredforpettythieving.（colloquial）

Penaltiesforoverduebookswillbestrictlyenforced.（literary）

Youhavegottopayfinesforoverduebooks.（colloquial）

Theyapprovedoftheplan.（literary）

Theyagreedtotheplan.（common）

Slangwordisdefinedaslanguage,wordsorphrasesofacolorful,humorous,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.Thechiefreasonfortheformationanduseofslangexpressionsistosecurefreshnessandnovelty.

Technicalwordsrefertothosewordsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.=terminologiesortechnicalterms.symphony,sonata,orchestra,concerto，audiovisual,microteaching，algebra,geometry,calculus，clone,embryo,cell,organism,DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid）,gene

Functionwords（orgrammaticalwordsorautosemanticwords）arewordsthathavelittlelexicalmeaningorhaveambiguousmeaning,butinsteadservetoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipswithotherwordswithinasentence,orspecifytheattitudeormoodofthespeaker.Functionwordsmightbeprepositions,pronouns,auxiliaryverbs,conjunctions,grammaticalarticlesorparticles,allofwhichbelongtothegroupofclosed-classwords.

Contentwords:

Wordsthatarenotfunctionwordsarecalledcontentwords（oropenclasswordsorlexicalwords）.Includenouns,verbs,adjectives,andmostadverbs,althoughsomeadverbsarefunctionwords.,thenandwhy）.

a. 

sub-standard 

often 

used 

on 

informal 

occasions 

（ 

slang 

） 

b. 

specialized 

vocabulary 

common 

in 

certain 

professions 

jargon） 

c. 

sup-cultural 

groups 

especiallyby 

underground 

society 

（argot 

d. 

that 

have 

richnotions 

（contentwords 

e. 

Anglo-Saxon 

origin（ 

nativewords 

f. 

borrowed 

way 

translation 

translationloans 

g.old 

meanings（ 

neologisms 

）

h.foreignwordswhichhavebecomeassimilated（denizens）

i.wordswhosemeaningsareborrowed（semanticloans）

j.wordsessentialtonativespeakersdailycommunication（dialectalwords本地语）

配对tart:

loosewomanbloke:

fellowgat:

pistolswell:

greatchicken:

cowardblue:

fightsmoky:

policefull:

drunkdame:

womanbeaver:

girl

Denizens同化词

Aliens非同化词

Translationloans

译借词

Semanticloans

借义词

kettle

die

wall

skirt

husband

confrere

propatria

Wunderkind

mikado

parvenu

chopstick

typhoon

blackhumour

longtimenosee

dream

Chapter2

ModernEnglishWords:

Borrowing&

Neologism

Borrowing:

FromFrench:

attach,café

FromItalian:

concert,duet,piano,soprano,solo,tenor,model,bust,studio,dome,balcony,inthefieldsofmusic,art,architecture

FromSpanish:

armada,cargo,vanilla,cocoa,cigar

FromPortuguese:

caste,pagoda

FromGerman:

bismuth,cobalt,nickel,zinc

FromDutch:

dock,freight,keel

FromRussian:

vodka,troika,ruble,tsar

FromAustralian:

boomerang,kangaroo,dingo

FromArabic:

sugar,sultan,alcohol

FromIndian:

coolie,cashmere,khaki

FromChinese:

tea,typhoon,yamen

FromJapanese:

kimono,tycoon

FromAfrican:

gorilla,zebra

Neologismsarenewlycoinedwordsorwordsthataregivennewmeaningtofitnewsitu