语言学教程文件.docx

语言学教程文件.docx

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语言学教程文件

语言学

Exercise8

I.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

•1.Pragmatics___isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

•2.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemantics____andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.

•3.Thenotionofcontext____isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.

•4.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance_____.

5.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized.

6.Constatives（表述句）werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.

7.Performatives（施为句）weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.

8.Alocutionary（发话的）actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

9.Anillocutionary（行事的）actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

•10.Acommissive____istocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.

•11.Anexpressive____istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.

•12.TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple:

themaximofquantity____,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.

13.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthe_CooperativePrincipleproposedbyGrice.

14.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofan_utteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.

15.A__perlocutionary（取效的）actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.

16._Directives（指示句）areattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.

17.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesame__illocutionarypoint,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.

18.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingto_cooperate;;otherwiseitwouldbeimpossibleforthemtogoonwiththetalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthe__CooperativePrinciple___.

19.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustbe__relevant

III.Choosethebestanswer.

•20._C____foundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandconcludetheCooperativePrinciple.

A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJames

•21.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled__B___.

A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics

•22._B____proposedthatspeechactscanbeanalyzedonthreelevels.

A.AustinB.SearleC.SapirD.Chomsky

•23.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalofthe_C____.

A.declarationsB.directivesC.commissivesD.expressives

•24.Theillocutionarypoint（言外之意）ofthe___B__istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.

A.declarationsB.expressivesC.commissivesD.directives

•25.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof

____C_.

-X:

Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?

-Y:

Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?

A.qualityB.QuantityC.relationD.manner

•26.Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversational_D____（oftheCP）can,whenthelistenerfollyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicature,andhumorsometimes.

A.standardsB.PrinciplesC.levelsD.maxims

•27.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto__D___.

A.breakdownofconversationB.confusionofone'sintention

C.hostilitybetweenspeakersandthelistenersD.conversationalimplicatures

•28.SpeechActTheorywasproposedby__B___.

A.SaussureB.AustinC.ChomskyD.Grimm

•29.Themaximofquantityrequires:

__D___.

A.contributeasinformativeasrequiredB.donotcontributemorethanisrequired

C.donotsaywhathaslittleevidenceD.bothAandB

•30.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled__A___.

A.commissivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

•31.__A___doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.

A.Pragmatics        B.SemanticsC.Senserelation    D.Concept

•32.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething__C___intraditionalsemantics.

A.contextual      B.behaviouristicC.intrinsic         D.logical

•33.WhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningD_____isconsidered.

A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context

•34.Asentenceisa__B___concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.

A.pragmaticB.grammatica