语言学教程文件.docx

1、语言学教程文件语言学Exercise8I. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Pragmatics_ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics_ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning

2、the context of use is considered. 3. The notion of context_ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance_.5. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized.6. Constativ

3、es（表述句） were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.7. Performatives（施为句） were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. A locutionary（发话的） act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal mea

4、ning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.9. An illocutionary（行事的）act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 10. A commissive_ is to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 11. An expressive_ is to express feelings or at

5、titude towards an existing state. 12. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle: the maxim of quantity_, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.13. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _ Coo

6、perative Principle proposed by Grice.14. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _ utterance is concrete and context-dependent.15. A _ perlocutionary（取效的）act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.16. _ Directives（指示句）are attempts by the speak

7、er to get the hearer to do something.17. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same _ illocutionary point, but they differ in their strength or force.18. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to _ co

8、operate; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the _ Cooperative Principle _.19. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be _ relevantIII. Choose the best answer. 20. _C_ found that natural language h

9、ad its own logic and conclude the Cooperative Principle.A. John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D. William James 21. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _B_.A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics

10、 22. _B_ proposed that speech acts can be analyzed on three levels.A. Austin B. SearleC. Sapir D. Chomsky 23. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the _C_.A. declarations B. directivesC. commissives D. expressives 24. The illocutionary point（言外之意） of the _B_ is to express the psych

11、ological state specified in the utterance.A. declarations B. expressives C. commissives D. directives 25. Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _C_.- X: Who was that you were with last night?- Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. quality B. Quantity

12、C. relation D. manner 26. The violation of one or more of the conversational _D_ (of the CP) can, when the listener folly understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standards B. Principles C. levels D. maxims 27. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP

13、give rise to _D_.A. breakdown of conversation B. confusion of ones intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listeners D. conversational implicatures 28. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _B_.A. Saussure B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Grimm 29. The maxim of quantity requires: _D_.A. contribute as info

14、rmative as required B. do not contribute more than is requiredC. do not say what has little evidence D. both A and B 30. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _A_.A. commissives B. directivesC. expressives D. dec

15、laratives 31. _A_ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. Semantics C. Sense relationD. Concept 32. The meaning of language was considered as something _C_ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristic C. intrinsicD. logical 33. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning D_ is considered.A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context 34. A sentence is a _B_ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmatic B. grammatica