论文Word格式.docx
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ChapterⅠDefinitionofReadingandReadingComprehension
A.DefinitionofReading
AccordingtotheexplanationofPartnershipforReading,itisdefinedas:
Acomplexsystemofderivingmeaningfromprintthatrequiresallofthefollowing:
theskillsandknowledgetounderstandhowphonemes,orspeechsounds,areconnectedtoprint;
theabilitytodecodeunfamiliarwords;
theabilitytoreadfluently;
sufficientbackgroundinformationandvocabularytofosterreadingcomprehension;
thedevelopmentofappropriateactivestrategiestoconstructmeaningfromprint;
thedevelopmentandmaintenanceofamotivationtoread.
Mostofusthinkofreadingasasimple,passiveprocessthatinvolvesreadingwordsinalinearfashionandinternalizingtheirmeaningoneatatime.Butreadingisactuallyaverycomplexprocessthatrequiresagreatdealofactiveparticipationonthepartofthereader.Thereadingprocessiscomplex.Understandingthereadingprocessisessential.Teachersalsolearnwaystoeffectivelysupportthestudents'
effortstoreadandcomprehendreadingassignments,aswellastobecomeproficientindependentreadersoutsideoftheclassroom.
Manypeoplethinkofreadingasaskillthatistaughtonceandforallinthefirstfewyearsofschool.Inthisviewofreadingthecredit(orblame)forstudents'
readingabilitygoestoprimarygradeteachers,andupperelementaryandsecondaryschoolteachersateachgradelevelneedteachonlynewvocabularyandconceptsrelevanttonewcontent.Seenthisway,readingisasimpleprocess:
readersdecode(figureouthowtopronounce)eachwordinatextandthenautomaticallycomprehendthemeaningofthewords,astheydowiththeireverydayspokenlanguage.Thisisnotourunderstandingofreading.
B.DefinitionofReadingComprehension
Readingcomprehension-techniquesforimprovingstudents'
successinextractingusefulknowledgefromthetext,AsdefinedbyPartnershipforReading(2005),Readingcomprehensionisunderstandingatextthatisread,ortheprocessof"
constructingmeaning"
fromatext.Comprehensionisa"
constructionprocess"
becauseitinvolvesalloftheelementsofthereadingprocessasatextisread.Sowecanfindthattherearesomedifferencesbetweenthebothdefinitions.
Readingcomprehensionaredividedintothreecategories.Thecategoriesincludevocabularyinstruction,textcomprehensioninstruction,andteacherpreparationandcomprehensionstrategiesinstruction.Teachersalsofindusefulwebsitesthatstudentscanvisittopracticetheiruseofcomprehensionstrategieswithfictionandnon-fictiontextsatavarietyofreadinglevels.
Readingcomprehensionistheprocessofconstructingmeaningfromtext.Thegoalofallreadinginstructionisultimatelytargetedathelpingareadercomprehendtext.Readingcomprehensioninvolvesatleasttwopeople:
thereaderandthewriter.Theprocessofcomprehendinginvolvesdecodingthewriter'
swordsandthenusingbackgroundknowledgetoconstructanapproximateunderstandingofthewriter'
smessage.
Comprehensionisaffectedbythereader'
sknowledgeofthetopic,knowledgeoflanguagestructures,knowledgeoftextstructuresandgenres,knowledgeofcognitiveandmetacognitivestrategies,theirreasoningabilities,theirmotivation,andtheirlevelofengagement.ReadingcomprehensionisalsoaffectedbythequalityofthereadingmaterialTherearemanywaystothinkaboutreadingcomprehensionandmanyfactorsthataffectreadingcomprehension.Teachersshouldkeepinmindtwooverridingquestionsabouthowtoorganizehowtoteachreadingcomprehension.Thesequestionsare,"
WhatstrategiesshouldIteach?
"
and"
HowshouldIteachstrategies?
ChapterⅡ.ImportanceofReading
Gettingstudentstoreadtheirtextbooksishard.Gettingthemtoreadbooksjustforthesheerpleasureofreadingisespeciallyhardersincekidsjustdon’tseemtobeinterestedinreadingthesedays.Gonearethedayswhenkidscurledupwithanicelittlebookwhenitwastoohottoplayoutside.Today,studentsspendanyfreetimetheyhavewatchingTV,goingtothemall,tinkeringwiththeirmobilephonesorplayingvideogames.Still,themanybenefitsthestudentscouldreapfromreadingregularlyshouldmakethechallengeofmakingthemreadasmallpricetopay1.Considerthefollowing:
A.Readingdevelopsaperson’screativity.Unlikethemovieswhereeverythingisdeterminedbytheproducer,writeranddirector,booksallowstudentstocreateintheirmindshowaparticularcharacterlookslikeorimaginehowasceneplaysout.Readingabooktherefore,allowsastudenttoexerciseandcultivateher/hiscreativethinkingskills.
B.Developinggoodreadingskillscanimprovethestudents’abilitytocomprehendconceptsandideas.
C.Readingdevelopscriticalthinking,thus,ensuringthatthestudentswillbeabletothinkandmakegooddecisionsforthemselves.
D.Ones’fluencyinalanguageand,consequently,communicationskillsareimprovedbyreading.
E.Readingintroducesthestudentstonewthingsandhastheabilitytobroadentheirinterests.AstudentwhoreadsabiographyofAlbertEinsteinforexample,maybeinspiredtotakehishighschoolPhysicsclassmoreseriously.
F.Readingregularlyincreasesthevocabulary.
G.Readingcandeveloppositivevaluesinthestudents.AccordingtoastudyconductedintheUnitedStatesforexample,studentswholearntoreadbythetimetheyareinthirdgradearelesslikelytotakedrugs,dropoutofschoolorendupinprison.7
H.Oneofthemainproblemsoftoday’sstudentsistheirinabilitytoconcentrateontheirlessonsAsolutiontothisproblemistoencouragestudentstoread.Accordingtostudies,readingincreasesastudent’sabilitytoconcentrate.
Thefactthatstudentsreapgreatbenefitsfromreadingcannotbedoubtedorquestioned.Itisforthisreasonthatteachersmustinstillinstudentsarealloveforreadingandgroomthemintobecominglifelongreaders.
ChapterⅢ.ReadingModels
A.Bottom-upreadingmodel
SincereadingissoimportantforEnglishteachingandlearning,weshouldbeawareofthereadingprocess.Usually,therearethreekindsofreadingmodels.Bottom-upreadingmodelisareadingmodelthatemphasizesthewrittenorprintedtext,saysreadingisdrivenbyaprocessthatresultsinmeaning(or,inotherwords,readingisdrivenbytext),andproceedsfromparttowhole.It’salsoknownas:
parttowholemodel
B.Top-downreadingmodel
Atop-downreadingmodelisareadingmodelthatemphasizeswhatthereaderbringstothetext,saysreadingisdrivenbymeaning,andproceedsfromwholetopart.It’salsoknownas:
inside-outmodelandconcept-drivenmodel
C.Interactivereadingmodel
Aninteractivereadingmodelisareadingmodelthatrecognizestheinteractionofbottom-upandtop-downprocessessimultaneouslythroughoutthereadingprocess.
Pugh(1978)showshowefficientreaders‘switch’stylesaccordingtothetypeoftexttheyarereading.Onemajorcontributiontoourknowledgeofreading,withmanyimplicationsfortheclassroom,isprovidedbytheSchemaTheoryortheInteractiveModel.Bartlett(1932)firstusedthisparticulartermtoexplainhowtheknowledgethatwehaveabouttheworldisorganizedtointerrelatedpatternsbasedonourpreviousknowledgeandexperience.These‘schemata’alsoallowustopredictwhatmayhappen.Thistheorytakesourideaoftheinteractivereadingprocessastagefurtherbyproposingthatefficientreadersarerelated‘texts’totheirbackgroundknowledgeoftheworld.BrownandYule(1983b),McCarthyandCarter(1994),Cook(1997)andNunan(1999)allprovideaccountsofhowthisbackgroundknowledgecaninfluencethecomprehensionprocess.Clearlyitcansometimesbebasedonpreviousknowledgeofsimilartexts.AsNunan(1999:
256)writes,‘Weinterpretwhatwereadintermsofwhatwealreadyknow,andweintegratewhatwealreadyknowwiththecontentofwhatwearereading.’Itiswhyreadingsomethingwrittenbysomeoneinalanguagewithdifferentculturalassumptionsfromourscanbedifficult.
Inmanycasesanefficientreaderappearstousewhatarecalled‘Top-Down’and‘Bottom-Up’strategies.Thismeansthatthereaderwillnotjusttrytodecipherthemeaningofindividuallexicalitemsbutwillalsohaveclearideasabouttheoverallrhetoricalorganizationofthetext.Theessentialfeaturesofthebottom-upapproacharethatthereadertriestodecodeeachindividualletterencounteredbymatchingittotheminimalunitsofmeaninginthesoundsystem(th