全国高中学生化学竞赛基本内容BasiccontentofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsWord格式文档下载.docx
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The1.nationalchemistrycontestofseniorhighschoolstudents(preliminarydivisioncontest)andfinal(winter)twostages,plusthewinterafterthenationalteamplayersqualifyinginthreestages.Thebasiccontentsofthepreliminaryandfinalexaminationreflectsthenationallevel,isthebasisoftheexaminationproposition.Theselectionofthenationalteam'
sathletesshallbebasedonthepreparationoftheInternationalChemistryOlympiadintheyear.
2.thecurrentmiddleschoolchemistryteachingrequirementsandcontentsarepreliminaryexaminationshowsthatthecontentoftheprovisions.Aconsistentlevelofcontentknowledgeinpreliminaryprincipletofull-timehighschoolchemistrytextbookpublishedbypeople'
seducationpress,butforsomeofthechemicalprincipleofthequantitativerelationship,materialstructure,solidchemistryandorganicchemistryandothersupplements,ingeneral,supplementarycontentisthenaturalgrowthpointinchemicalcontent.Thepreliminaryrequirementsofknowledgeinordertoachieveinternationalchemicaldescriptivechemistrycontestoutlinelevelasthestandard,theoutlineofthetwoorthreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.
Thebasiccontentofthefinal3.isproperlybasedonthebasiccontentsofpreliminaries,descriptivechemistryknowledgeprincipletoreachtheinternationalleveltwolevelofknowledgeofchemistrycontestsyllabusforthedegree,theoutlineofthethreelevelsofknowledgearenotrequiredintheapplicationofmemorybasedon.
4.,payattentiontotheintersectionandinterpenetrationofchemicalknowledgeandnonchemicalknowledge,buttherequirementsofmathematicsandphysicsknowledgeshouldnotexceedtherequirementsofmiddleschoolsyllabus.
5.basiccontent,ifnecessary,willbeadjustedandannouncedinmidAugust2001.
Thebasiccontentofthepreliminaries
1.theconceptandapplicationofeffectivenumbers.Correctuseofeffectivefiguresinchemicalandchemicalexperiments.Quantitativeinstrument(analyticalbalance,cylinder,pipettes,burettes,flasketc.)theeffectivenumberofprecisionandmeasuringdata.Thevalidnumberoftheresultoftheoperation.
2.idealgasstandardcondition.Idealgasequationofstate.Gasdensity.Determinationofrelativemolecularmassofgases.Gassolubility.Lawofpartialpressure.
3.solutionconcentration,solidsolutionandcalculation.Solutionpreparation(selectionofinstrumentsbasedontheaccuracyofconcentration).Estimationoftheamountofpurificationbyrecrystallization.Selectionofwashingliquidandselectionofwashingmethodinwashingoperation.Thelawofsolvent(includingmixedsolvent)similaritywithsolutes.
4.basicconceptsoftitrimetricanalysis-analytes,standardsolutions,indicators,titrationreactions,etc..Calculationoftitrationresults.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenthetitrationcurveandtheconceptofsuddenrise(acidbasestrength,concentration,andsolventpolarity).Quantitativecalculationoftitrationcurveisnotrequired.BasicprinciplesofpHcalculationandselectionofcommonacid-basetitrationindicators.CalculatedbyPotassiumPermanganate,potassiumdichromate,sodiumthiosulfate,EDTAtitrationanalysisresultsasthestandardsolution.
5.atomicstructurethepossiblespacestateofanouternuclearelectron.S,PandDareusedtoindicatethegroundstatestructure(includingneutralatoms,positiveionsandnegativeions)(notrequiringtheinterpretationoftheenergylevelinterleavinganddistribution);
quantumnumbers,wavefunctions,imagesarenotrequired.Generalconceptsofionizationenergy,electronaffinity,andelectronegativity.
The6.elementsoftheperiodiclawandtheperiodicsystemchangesingeneralnatureofthemaingroupandsubgroup,congenersfromtoptobottom;
theconceptofS,D,DS,P,f;
positionsofelementsintheperiodictableandthenuclearouterelectronicstructure(electronnumber,valenceelectronlayerandvalenceelectronnumber)therelationshipbetweenpriceandfamily;
thehighestnumber;
diagonalrule;
metalandnonmetalandtherelationbetweenthelocationoftheperiodictable.Metalandnonmetalintheperiodictableposition;
halfmetal;
primaryandsecondarygroup(firstseries)andimportantnames,commonelements,symbolsandtheirpositionsintheperiodictableandthemainformofcommonvalence.
Seven
Molecularstructures:
Lewis,structural(Electronic)andformalcharges.Predictionofthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules(includingions)byvalenceelectronpairrepulsionmodel.Thetheoryofhybridorbitalsexplainsthethree-dimensionalstructureofsimplemolecules(includingions).Covalentbonds,[p-p,PIbonds,(S-S,S-P,P-P),sigmabondsandP-PlargePIbonds]formconditions,bondenergies,bondangles,saturationanddirectionality.Thegeneralconceptofconjugate(ordelocalization).
8.complexes:
thebasicconceptsofcomplexes(complexes)andcomplexions(coordinationions).Thecenterofimportantandcommonioncomplexions(atoms)andtheimportantandcommonions(water,hydroxyl,halogenions,pseudohalideions,ammoniamolecules,ions,NO,COetc.),thecomplexationreactionofcomplexingagentimportantandcommonandimportantandcommon.Qualitativedescriptionoftherelationbetweencomplexationandacidbasereactions,precipitationreactions,andredoxreactions(notrequiredbycalculation).Basicconceptsofspacestructureandgeometricisomerismofcomplexes.Thebasicconceptsofthehybridizationorbitaltheoryofcomplexes.Memorymagneticmomentcalculationformulaisnotrequired.Thebasicconceptsofcrystalfieldandligandfieldtheoryarenotrequired.
9.intermolecularforce.Theorderofmagnitudeoftheintermolecularinteractionenergy(doesnotrequiredecompositionintoorientationalforce,inducedforce,dispersiveforce).Hydrogenbond.Conditionsfortheformationofhydrogenbonds.Hydrogenbondenergy.Relationshipbetweenhydrogenbondandphysicalproperties.
10.crystalstructure:
thebasicconceptofcell.Basicconceptsofcellatomiccoordinates.Calculationofthenumberofatomsorthenumberofmoleculesinacellanditsrelationtothechemicalformula.Basicconceptsofelementarycellandcomplexcell(body,core,heart,andcore).Thebasicconceptsofmolecularcrystals,atomiccrystals,ioniccrystalsandmetalliccrystals.Selectionofcrystalcell,crystalsystemconceptandseveraltypicaltwoelementioniccrystals.
11.chemicalequilibrium:
thebasicconceptofequilibriumconstant.Qualitativerelationshipbetweenacid-basebalanceconstantandacidbasestrength.Thebasicconceptofsolubilityproduct.Simplecalculationsusingequilibriumconstants.Calculationofelectricalneutrality,materialbalance,andnorequirementforprotonconditions.
12.correctwritingandbalancingofionicequations.
13.electrochemistry:
thebasicconceptsofoxidationreductionandthewritingandtrimmingofreactions.Galvaniccell:
electrodesymbolandelectrodereaction,galvaniccellsign,galvaniccellreaction.Thebasicconceptofstandardelectrodepotentialisusedtodeterminethedirectionofreactionandthestrengthofoxidantandreductant.Batterysymbolsandelectrodereactionsinanelectrolyticbath.Basicconceptsofelectrolysisandelectroplating.Commonchemicalpowersource.QualitativedescriptionoftheeffectsofpH,complexingagents,andprecipitationagents(donotrequireNernstequations,redoxequilibriumconstants,andrelatedcalculations).
14.elementchemistryknowledgetointernationalcompetitionlevel1knowledgelevel.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.
15.knowledgeoforganicchemistry,level1ininternationalcompetition.Twoorthreelevelsofknowledgedonotrequirememory.
Basiccontentoffinals
1.atomicstructureincreasesfourquantumnumbersandatomicorbitalwavefunctioninthepreliminarybasis(plustheangledistributionimageands,P,Dimagetrackname).
The2.increaseinthebasicconceptofmolecularstructureinthepreliminarycontentbasedonmolecularorbital.Bondlevelconcept.Explanationoftheparamagneticpropertyofoxygenbymolecularorbitaltheory.Memorymolecularorbitalenergyleveldiagramisnotrequired.
3.crystalstructures:
basicconceptsofstructuralprimitivesandlattices.Thebasicconceptsofenthalpiesofformation,formationfreeenergiesandlattices,14latticetypes,densedeposits(A1,A2,A3andA4)andabulkinterstitialmodel.
4.fundamentalsofchemicalthermodynamics--conceptsofthermodynamics,energy,enthalpy,freeenergy,andentropy.Enthalpiesofformation,freeenergiesofformation,standardentropies,andrelatedcalculations.Freeenergyanddirectionofreaction.GibbsHelmholtzequationanditsapplication.FantHuffisothermalequationanditsapplication.Standardfreeenergyandequilibriumconstant.Afunctionoftheequilibriumconstanttotemperature.Thermochemicalcycle.Thermodynamicdecompositionoftemperature(bothstandardandnonstandardStates)theeffectofpressureondecomposition