语言学框架Word文档下载推荐.docx

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的学习来获得。

1.2.3FunctionofIanguage

(descriptivefunction/expressivefunction/socialfunction)

informative信息功能/interpersonal人际功能/performative施为功能

/emotive感情功能/phaticcommunication寒暄功能/recreational娱乐功能

/metalinguistic元语言功能

Chapter2Phonology音系学

2.1Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介

2.2Phonetics语音学

2.2.1Whatisphonetics?

什么是语音学?

★PhoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumofIanguage;

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'

Ianguages.

研究语言的产生

研究语言怎

articulatoryphonetics发音语音学

threepointsofview<

auditoryphonetics听觉语音学

acousticphonetics

声学语音研究语音的物理

样被感知

属性

2.2.2Ogansofspeech发音器官

rthepharyngealcavity-thethroat咽H空

‘theoralcavity-themouth口腔

thenasalcavity-thenose鼻腔

2.2.3Roadandnarrowtranscriptions宽式和窄式音标

★TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA国际音标)---DanielJones

---1888

2.3Phonology音系学

2.3.1Phonologyandphonetics音系学和语音学

★PhonologyisthestudyabouthowspeechsoundinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

★PhoneticsisthescientificstudyofthephonicmediumofIanguage;

phonology

研究抽象的音位类型与规则---

itisconcernedwithdefiningandclassifyingspeechsounds.

 

Differences:

[l]inleap&

peel

研究具体发音部位与方式---不同

phonetics

2.3.2Phone,phonene,andallophone音素、音位和音位变体

(1)音素:

是语音学研究的单位,是一个个具体的声音。

“]”

(2)音位:

是音系学研究的单位,是抽象的概念,每一个音位是一组语音特征

的集合体,音位具有区别意义的作用。

“7”

(3)音位变体:

是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现,同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体,也就是语音。

[]

2.3.3Phonemhccontrast,co叩Iementarydistribution,andminimalpair音位对立,互补分布,最小对立体

(1)音位对立:

两个音位出现在相同的语音环境中,且具有区别语义的功能。

例:

tip和dip中的/t/和/d/;

rope和robe中的/p/和/b/

(2)互补分布:

同一音位不同音位变体之间的关系,且没有区别意义的功能。

top中送气的[th]和stop中不送气的[t]

(3)最小对立体:

出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。

bill和pill(辅音),bet和but(元音)

2.3.4Somerulesinphonology音系学规则

2.3.4.1

Sequentialrules

丿予列规则

三辅音连缀规则:

/s/---/p/,/t/,/k/---/l/,/r/,/w/

2.3.4.2

Assimilationrule

同化规则

2.3.4.3

Deletionrule

省略规则:

[g]

2.3.59uprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

2.3.5.1Stress重读

235.2Tone音调/声调

2.3.5.3Intonation语调

Chapter3M)rphology形态学

3.1Introduction

★Morphologyisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.形态学研究单词的内部结构和构词规则

3.2Openclassandclosedclass

(1)Openclasswords开放词类:

contentwords实词---nouns,verbs,adjectives...

(2)Closedclasswords圭寸闭词类:

functionwords虚词---conjunctions,

articles...

3.3Morphemes——theminimalunitsofmeaning

词素一一最小的“语义”单位

(reader是一个单词,read和er是两个词素/boys是一个单词,boy和s是两个词素)

(1)Freeandboundmorphemes自由词素和黏着词素

1自由词素有完整语义女口:

book;

helpful中的help

2黏着词素一一词根、词缀

⑵Allomorphs词素变体

女口:

①a放在辅音前;

an放在元音前

②books,bags,judges中的s三种不同的读音

3.4Analyzingwordstructures

rootsandaffixes(prefix,infix,suffix)

3.5Derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes

(1)derivationalmorphemes派生词素:

构成新单词如如:

-ate,inter-,

-ism...

⑵inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:

改变数、时、格、级如口:

-s,-ed,

-er,-est...

prefix

I曲折词素inflectional~

3.6Morphologicalrulesofwordformation

3.7Derivation派生词

3.8C□叩ounds复合词

3.8.1Definition

★Acompoundwordismadewhentwowordsarejoinedtoformanewword.

3.8.2复合词特征:

(1)Orthographically书写特征:

inthreeways:

solid(airmail);

hyphenated(air-conditioning);

open(air

force,airraid)

⑵Syntactically句法特征:

复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性

(3)Semantically语义特征:

复合词的意义具有习语性质,许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和

⑷Phonetically语音特征:

复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上

Chapter4Syntax句法学

4.1Whatissyntax?

★Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

4.2Categories

4.2.1Weird-levelcategories

(1)majorlexicalcategories:

n.v.a.prep.

(2)minorlexicalcategories:

determiner(Det限定词)一the,a,this,

those...

degreewords

.(Deg程度词)

—quite,so,

more...

qualifier

I(Qual频率词)一

often,always,

almost...

auxiliary

(Aux助动词)一

must,should,

can...

conjunction

(Con连接词)-

—and,but,or..

4.2.2Phrasecategoriesandtheirstructures

(1)[NP]theprettygirl/[VP]oftendream/[AP]verypessimistic

(2)head中心语;

specifier标志语;

complement补足语

4.3Phrasestructurerule

5.

Complement

3.1XPrule

SpecifierX

Head

(thegirlintheroom)

4.3.2COordinationrule:

X►XCon(连词)X

4.4Phraseelements

4.4.1Specifiers标志语

Specifiers

Heads

Examples

determiner

N

thetree,nowater,thisbook...

V

alwaysfail,oftendrink,never

leave...

degreeword

A

lessboring,quitegood,very

sensitive...

P

almostin,quiteabove...

4.4.2Complenents补足语

CP

Items

As

Adjectives

afraid,

aware

Iwasafraidthatnobodywouldbelieveme

Ns

Nouns

fact,belief

Shecan'

tbelievethefactthatshewouldfail.

Ps

Prepositio

ns

over,about

Theyarguedoverwhethershehadcometoclass.

4.4.3Mbdifiers

Modifier

Position

Example

AP

precedesthehead

averycarefulgirl

PP

followsthehead

openwithcare

AdvP

precedesorfollowsthehead

readcarefully;

carefully

read

4.5Sentences(TheSRjle)

4.6Transformations

4.6.1Auxiliarymovenent助动词移位

4.6.2Dbinsertion

4.6.3Deepstructureandsurfacestructure(thegenerativeapproach生成学派)

(1)深层结构deepstructure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlyinglevel(移位还没有发生的原始形态):

Thetrainwillarrive.

(2)表层结构surfacestructure指结构形成的最后结果阶段finalstage(移位后的新形态):

Willthetrainarrive?

(3)结构:

TheXPRule

DeepStructure

Transformation

SurfaceStructure

4.6.4WMovement

4.6.5Mhveaandconstraintsontransformation

Chapter5Semantics语义学

5.1Whatissemantics

★Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

5.2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning

5.2.1Thenanringtheory指称论

(1)Plato

(2)ThewordsusedinaIanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectsthey

standfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.

(3)Limitations:

①applicabletonounsonly;

②抽象名词(ghost,joy,

impulse..)

5.2.2Theconceptualistview观念论

(1)OgdenandRichards

(2)Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefers

to.

(3)semantictriangle语义三角:

Thought/Referenee

(能指:

概念)

Symbol/Form

Referent

(词和语素)

(所指:

物体)

4.2.3COntextualism语境论

⑴J.R.Firth,Malinowski,Wittgenstein

(2)Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context---elementscloselylinkedwithIanguagebehaviour.

6.2.4Behaviorism行为论

(1)Bloomfield,JackandJill

(2)

刺激-反应理论

TheStimulus-ResponseTheory(S-R)

5.3Lexicalmeaning词汇意义

5.3.1Senseandreferenee系统意义与指称意义

(1)Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,

thecollectionofallitsfeatures.(抽象;

脱离语境)

如:

dog

(2)Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physical

world;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementand

thenon-linguisticworldofexperienee.(具体)

Thedogisbarking.

(3)Limitation:

eveningstar(启明星)andmorningstar(长庚星)是同一

颗星。

5.3.2Mhjorsenserelations主要的语义关系

5.3.2.1Synonymy同义关系

(1)Dialectalsynonyms-synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects.

地域同义词

如:

秋天(autumn/fall);

公寓(flat/apartment)...

Stylisticsynonyms-synonymsdifferinginstyle.文体同义词

daddy,dad,father,maleparent,oldman...

(3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning.感情

同义词

collaborator/accomplice均指合作者,但前者为“合作伙伴”,后者为

“同谋”

(4)Collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词

指“坏的食物”rottentomatoes,addledeggs,rancidbaconor

butter...

(5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms意思非常相近的同义词

amaze/astound

5.322Polysemy多义关系---一词多义

5.323Homonymy---thesameform,butdifferentmeaning同音同形异

义关系

(1)Homophones:

night/knight;

piece/peace...

(2)Homographs:

bow-v./n.;

tear-v./n.…

(3)Completehomonyms:

fast-adj./v.;

scale-n./v....

5.3.2.4Hyponymy上下义关系

(1)Superordinate上义

flower,animal...

(2)Hyponymy下义

(flower)rose,lily...;

(animal)dog,cat...

5.3.2.5Antonymy反义关系

(1)Gradableantonymy分等级的反义关系

cool-warm;

hot-cold...

(2)Complementaryantonyms互补反义词

dead-alive;

male-female...

(3)Relationalopposites关系反义词

husband-wife;

father-son...

5.4Senserelationsbetweensentences

(1)XissynonymouswithY.

X:

Hewasabachelorallhislife.

Y:

Henevermarriedallhislife.

(2)XisinconsistentwithY.

X:

Johnismarried.

Johnisabachelor.

(3)XentailsY.(YisandentailmentofX)衍推

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