2DerivativeandRulesofDifferentiationWord格式文档下载.docx

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2DerivativeandRulesofDifferentiationWord格式文档下载.docx

 

▪NoteC=15,i.e.

Cisstill(mathematically)afunctionofquantitybecauseitsatisfiedthedefinition

15,15,15,15,...

Derivatives

Acommonproblemisthis:

IfC=f(Q),HowdoesCchangewhenQchanges?

i.e.WhatistherateofchangeofCwithregardto(WRT)Q?

TheanswerisgivenbythederivativeofCWRTQ.

Thederivativeiswritten

orC’

Ineconomicsthederivativeisequivalenttoamarginalquantity(Marginalcost,MarginalRevenue,MarginalProduct)

IngeneralY=f(X)

Where:

Yisthedependentvariable

Xistheindependentvariable

Derivative→

orY`

Itis

(a)therateofchangeofYWRTX

or

(b)byhowmuchdoesYchangewhenXchangesbyone(verysmall)unit?

(c)onagraphtheslope(sameas(b))

Slopeis

=

RulesforDerivatives

PowerFunctionRule

D1IfY=aXb[a,b=constants,numbers]

=baXb-1

e.g.

C=3Q2

=2*3Q2-1

=6Q1

=6Q

Therulecanbeappliedtofunctionwithseveralterms.

e.g.

C=10+4Q3+6Q

=12Q2+3Q

Derivativeofaconstant(10)=0

C=10+3Q

=3Q1-1

=3Q0

=3

ProductRule

SayC=(3+2Q)(1+Q2)C’=?

D2IfUandVarefunctionsofX

C=(3+2Q)(1+Q2)

=(3+2Q)2Q+(1+Q2)2

=6Q+4Q2+2+2Q2

=2+6Q+6Q2

QuotientRule

D3IfUandVarefunctionsofX

C=

=2

ChainRule

SayC=3+10Q

Q=20-2P

P→Q→C:

changeP→changeinQ→changeinC

Whatis

?

Howcanwefind

D4X=f(Y)

Y=f(Z)

C=3+10Q

Q=20-2P

=(10)*(-2)

=-20

Y=

=?

Y=

Y=f(Z)

Z=F(X)

=

Longchains:

SayW=f(Y)

Y=g(X)

X=h(Z)

etc.

InverseRule

Sometimeswehave

butwewant

.Theruleissimple

D5

(i)C=10+3Q

=?

=3

=

(ii)C=10+3Q+0.1Q2

=3+0.2Q

ExponentialFunction

▪eisanumber=2.71828…

[

]

▪ConsidereX.XisthePower(ThisisnotlikeXa)

D6

(ThederivativehasthesamevalueaseX)

Illustration:

X=

1

2

3

eX=

2.7

7.4

20.1

(Note:

thesefiguresaretoonedecimalplace)

i.e.WhenX=2;

ex=2.7andonesmallunitchangeinXwillcauseextoincreaseby2.7ofthoseunits.SoasXgetsbigger,eXincreasesfaster.Itspeedsup.

ConsidereaX(a=aconstantornumber)

D7

(Notthesameas

e.g.

▪NowconsiderlogeX

(alsowrittenlogXorlnXorthenaturallogofX)

D8

e.g.Y=3logX

TherateofchangeoflogXgetssmallerasXgetsbigger(Itslowsdown)

Wecanprovethisifweassume

X=eY

LogX=Y

Y=logX

Then

[D5]

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