Model Test ThreeWord格式.docx

Model Test ThreeWord格式.docx

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GeneticTesting

Genetictestingistransformingmedicineandthewayfamiliesthinkabouttheirhealth.AsscienceuncoversthecomplicatedsecretsofDNA,wefacedifficultchoicesandnewchallenges.

AboutGenetictesting

Theyearwas1895andPaulineGross,ayoungactress,wasscared.Grossknewnothingaboutthehuman-genome（基因组，染色体组）project—suchmedicaltriumphs,butshedidknowaboutanastydiseasecalledcancer,anditwasrunningthroughherfamily."

I'

mhealthynow,"

sheoftentoldDr.AldredWarthinfromattheUniversityofMichigan,"

butIfullyexpecttodieanearlydeath."

Atthetime,Gross'

spredictionwasbasedsolelyonobservation:

familymembershaddiedofcancer;

shewould,too.Today,morethan100yearslater,Gross'

srelativeshaveamuchmoreclinicaloption:

genetictesting.Withasimplebloodtest;

theycanpeerintotheirownDNA,learning—whilestillperfectlyhealthy—whethertheycarryaninheritablegenemutation（突变）thathasdoggedtheirfamilyfordecadesandputsthematseriousrisk.

TaketheTesting

Testingisakindofthegenomicrevolution.Amajorgoalistocreatenewsophisticatedtherapiesthathomeinonadisease'

sbiologicalsource,thenfixtheproblem.Already,genesarehelpingtopredictapatient'

sresponsetoexistingmedications.Aprimeexample,takenbyDr,WylieBurkeoftheUniversityofWashington,isavariantofagenecalledTPMT,whichcanleadtolife-threateningreactionstocertaindosesofchemotherapy（化学疗法）.Agenetictestcanguidesafeandappropriatetreatment.Twogeneshavebeenidentifiedthatinfluenceaperson'

sresponsetotheanti-blood-clottingdrug.Andscientistsareuncoveringgeneticdifferencesinthewaypeoplerespondtootherwidelyusedmedications,likeantidepressants（抗抑郁药）.

Knowingapatient'

sgenotype,orgeneticprofile,mayalsohelpresearchersuncovernewpreventivetherapiesforstickydiseases.AtJohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Dr.ChristopherRosshastestedseveralcompoundsshowntoslowtheprogressionofHuntington'

sinmice.NowhewantstotesttheminpeoplewhoarepositivefortheHuntington'

smutationbuthavenotdevelopedsymptoms—anovelapproachtoclinicaldrugtrials,whichalmostalwaysinvolvesickpeopleseekingcures."

We'

reusinggeneticstomovefromtreatingthediseaseafterithappens,"

hesays,"

topreventingtheworstsymptomsofthediseasebeforeithappens."

It'

snotjusttheirownhealththatpeoplecareabout.Thereisalsothedesiretogetridofdiseasefromthefamilytree.Therefore,thefutureiswhatdrivesmanyadultstotheclinic.Thegenetestscurrentlyofferedforcertaindiseases,likebreastcancer,affectonlyasmallpercentageoftotalcases.Inheritedmutationscontributetojust5to10percentofallbreastcancers.Buttheimpactonasinglelifecanbehuge.Thekey:

beingabletodosomethingtowardoffdisease."

Genetictestingoffersusprofoundinsight,"

saysDr.StephenGruber,oftheUniversityofMichigan."

Butithastobebalancedwithourabilitytocareforthesepatients."

Genetictestingtodaystartsattheearlieststagesoflife.Couplesplanningtohavechildrencanbescreenedpriortoconceptiontoseeiftheyarecarriersofgeneticdiseases;

prenatal（产前）testsareofferedduringpregnancy,andstatesnowscreennewbornsforasmanyas29conditions,themajorityofthemgeneticdisorders.ForJanaandTomMonaco,ofWoodbridge,Va.,earlytestinghasmadeanenormousdifferenceinthelivesoftheirchildren.Theirjourneybeganin2001,whentheirseeminglyhealthythirdchild,3-year-oldStephen,developedalife-threateningstomachvirusthatledtoseverebraindamage.Hisdiagnosis:

ararebuttreatablediseasecalledisovalericacidemia（IVA）.Unknowingly,Janaandherhusbandwerecarriersofthedisease,andatthetime,IVAwasnotincludedinnewbornscreening.TheMonacoshadnowarningwhatsoever.

NotTaketheTesting

Genetictesting,excitingasitmayseem,isn'

talwaystheanswer.WhenWendyUhlmann,ageneticcounselorattheUniversityofMichigan,teachesmedicalstudents,sheflashestwoslidesonascreensidebyside.Onesaysignoranceisbliss（福佑）.Theother:

knowledgeispower.That'

sbecausethevalueoftestingbecomesespeciallyambiguous—andethicallycomplicated—whenthereisnowaytopreventortreatdisease,asinthecaseofearly-onsetAlzheimer'

s,whichoftenstrikesbeforetheageof50,orHuntington'

s.

Todayonlyabout5percentofpeoplewhoareatriskforHuntington'

s—whichiscausedbyasinglegeneandleadstoaprogressivelossofphysicalcontrolandmentalacuity—takethetest.Manyareworriedthatgenetictestingwillputtheirhealthinsuranceorjobsecurityatrisk.Whiletherehavebeenfewdocumentedcasesofdiscrimination,nobodycansayforsurewhatwillhappenasmorediseasegenesarediscoveredand'

moreAmericanssignonforpredictivetesting.Stateshaveapatchworkofregulationsinplace,butwhatneedstohappennow,expertssay,isforCongresstopasstheGeneticInformationNondiscriminationAct,whichwouldputafederalstampofapprovalonkeepinggeneticinformationsafe.

Moreover,somepeoplecan'

tlivewithuncertainty.StephanieVogtknewHuntingtonraninherfamily—hergrandfatherandhisthreebrothersalldiedofcomplicationsofthedisease—andshewantedtofindoutwhereshestood."

AssoonasIfoundouttherewasatest,Ijusthadtodoit,"

shesays.InAugust2000,aftercomprehensivegeneticcounseling,Stephanie,hersister,Victoria,andtheirmother,GayleSmith,learnedherresults:

positive."

ItwaslikeasceneOutof'

TheMatrix'

whereeverythingfreezesandstartsagain,"

saysStephanie,now35andsingle.

Scientificrevolutionsmustbetemperedbyreality.Genesaren'

ttheonlyfactorsinvolvedincomplexdiseases—lifestyleandenvironmentalinfluences,suchasdietorsmoking,aretoo.Andpredictionsaboutnewtestsandtreatmentsmaynotcometopassasfastasresearchershope—theymaynotcomeatall.Still,it'

shardnottogetexcitedaboutthefuture,especiallywhenyouconsiderthemedicalcompetitionnowunderway.

1.PaulineGrossfeltsearedbecauseshethoughtshewoulddieof______.

A）strokeB）cancerC）SARSD）AIDS

2.Genetictestingcanbeusedtodecidewhetherapatienthastheinheritablegenemutationbypeeringintotheir______.

A）bloodcellB）lungcellC）livercellD）DNA

3.Themajorpurposeofgenetictestinginmedicationisto______.

A）predictthedeathrateofinheritabledisease

B）predictapatient'

sresponsetomedication

C）findoutthebiologicalsourceandfixtheproblem

D）guidesafeandappropriatetreatment

4.WhathaveChristopherRoss'

experimentalresultsrevealedtous?

A）Thoseinheritablediseasesmaybecuredthroughgenetictesting.

B）Thoseinheritablediseasesmaybepredictedthroughgenetictesting.

C）Thoseinheritablediseasesmaybepreventedthroughgenetictesting.

D）Thoseinheritablediseasesmaybecontrolledthroughgenetictesting.

5.Howmanypeoplewithbreastcancerareinheritedfromfamilytree?

A）5to10percent.B）10percent.C）About15percent.D）5percent.

6.Couplesplanningtohavechildrencantakeprenatalgeneticteststoknow______.

A）Whethertheirbabiesaregeneticallyhealthyornot

B）whethertheycanhaveababy

C）whentheirbabieswillcomeintotheworld

D）whethertheirbabiesareboyorgirlbabies

7.Accordingtothepassage,whatisWendyUhlmann'

sattitudetowardgenetictesting?

A）Sheisindifferenttoit.B）Shedoesnotagreeswithitatall.

C）Shehasnoideaaboutit.D）Shehassomedoubtsaboutit.

8.Manychoosenottotakethegenetictestingbecausetheyworriedthatitwillrisktheir______.

9.InAugust2000,StephanieVogtlearnedshegotthediseaseof______.

10.Fromthelastparagraph,weknowmanyfactorsinvolvedincomplexdiseases,suchasgene,lifestyleand______.

PartⅢListeningComprehension

SectionA

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

11.A）Danaagreeswithher.B）Danalikesthefood.

C）Danalikestoputonweight.D）Danamustbeunhappy.

12.A）Itisrainy.B）Itissunny.C）Itisfine.D）Itiscloudy.

13.A）Theplayisseldomdelayedtostart.B）Theplaywillstarttwentyminuteslater.

C）Thenewspaperisseldomwrong.D）Theyprobablyhavetocontinuetowait.

14.A）Hedidn'

thaveenoughmoney.B）Radiosofallbrandsweresoldoutthen.

C）Hecouldn'

tgettherightbrandofradio.D）Thestorewillselltheradiotomorrow.

15.A）Itwilltakeatleastthreeweekstofinishthetest.

B）