大学英语阅读题以及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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75分
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.
Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofcountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilized(利用)tothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;
theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesordevelopresourceshitherto(到目前为止)unexploited;
ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.
Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovations(创新)forthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEurope,theprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.
1)
Whatisbelievedtodirectlyaffectthewelfareofpeopleaccordingtothepassage?
A.
Varyingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrol
B.
Economicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.
C.
Economistsandoperationalresearchexperts.
D.
Helpofspecializedscientists.
2)
Howcanthegovernmentsdotopromotetheproduction?
Byinterferingindifferentsectorsthatcanpromotescienceandtechnologytoensuresmoothoperation
Byaskingthescientistsandtechnologiststoimproveefficiency.
Byutilizingnaturalresourcestothebestadvantage.
Bychangingthestructureofeducationtotrainmorescientists.
3)
Whatcanbeinferredfromthedevelopmentinmass-communications?
Peopleareconstantlychangingtheircustomsandideas.
Peoplealwayswantsomethingnewandremarkabletofeelbetter.
Governmentsareundergreaterpressureofbringingaboutnewinventions.
Governmentsareoftenforcedtokeepupwithnewcustomsandideas.
4)
Whathasposedpressuresandproblemsforthegovernmentsconcernedaccordingtothepassage?
Socialchangesthroughouttheworldarespeedingupcomparedwiththepast.
Therateofsocialchangesintheearlyindustrializedcountriesisbecomingslownow.
Thefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternscanbespreadoverinadevelopingcountrywithinadecade.
Thenormalrateofsocialchangesistakingplaceatasteadyspeed.
5)
Whyaregovernmentsbecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientists?
Becausegovernmentsneedtohandlesocialstressesandproblems.
Becausegovernmentswanttolearnfromearlyindustrializedcountries.
Becausegovernmentshavetomakemodernmeansoftransportrelativelyeasy.
Becausegovernmentsneedthemfortheindustrializationoftheirowncountries.
参考答案:
1)
B
2)
A
3)
C
4)
5)
解析:
(无)
∧收起解析
Whydosmokerstendtoweighlessthannonsmokersandgainweightwhentheygiveupthehabit?
Contraryto“commonknowledge”,nonsmokersdonotgenerallyeatmorethansmokers,nordotheyexerciseless,studiesfind.Researchperformedonsmokersatrestindicatesthatnicotine(尼古丁)itselfcanincreasebasalmetabolic(新陈代谢的)rates,meaningsmokersburnmoreenergythannonsmokersduringperiodsofinactivity.Butsurveyssuggestmostsmokerssmokenotwhilecompletelyatrest,butwhileperforminglightactivitiessuchasdeskworkthatcanincreasemetabolicratesbytwoorthreetimes.Unlessnicotine’smetaboliceffectsincreaseproportionallywithmetabolicrates,itsinfluenceonweightmightbeinsignificant.
Nowastudyshowsthatnicotine’seffectsonbody-fuelconsumptionindeedincreaseproportionallywithincreasesinactivity.“Theseresultsindicatethatthemetaboliceffectofnicotinemayplayagreaterpartinaccountingforbody-weightdifferencesbetweensmokersandnonsmokersthanwaspreviouslybelieved,”saysKennethA.PerkinsandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine.
Theresearchersgaveanicotinenosespraytoindividualsperforminglightwork—inthiscaseridinganexercisebicyclemodifiedtoalloweasyridingwhilesubjectsremainseatedinacomfortablearmchair.Theactivityraisedrestingmetabolicratestwotothreetimes.
Byanalyzingairbreathedout,theresearcherscalculatedenergyconsumptioninthearmchairbicyclistsbeforeandaftergivingthenosesprayandcomparedtherelativechangeswithsubjectsinthecontrolgroupgivenplacebo((试验药物用的)无效对照剂)nosesprays.Relativetotheirbaselinebicycleexpenditures,individualsinthenicotinegroupexpendedconsiderablymoreenergythandidthoseincontrolgroupwhiledoingthesameamountofwork.Withnicotine,Perkinssays,“It’sasifthebodyisbecomingmuchlessefficientinusingitsstoredenergy.”
Whiletheresultsmayseemdiscouragingtosmokerswho’dliketoquitwithoutgainingweight,Perkinsnotesthatwalkinganextramileadayshouldmakeupforthedifferenceinmetabolicefficiency.Andhesayssmokerswouldhavetogain“wellmorethan50pounds”tocounterbalancethehealthrisksofcontinuedsmoking.
6)
Whatmight“commonknowledge”sayaboutsmokersandnonsmokers?
Smokerseatmoreandexerciselessthannonsmokers.
Smokerseatlessandexercisemorethannonsmokers.
Smokerseatmoreandexercisemorethannonsmokers.
Smokerseatlessandexerciselessthannonsmokers.
7)
Whenmightnicotineinfluencesmokers’weightsignificantly?
Whilesmokersareatrest.
Whilesmokersareexercising.
WhenNicotine’smetaboliceffectsandmetabolicratesincreaseatthesamerate.
WhenNicotine’smetaboliceffectsincreaseproportionallywiththeamountoflightactivities.
8)
Theword“subjects”inthefourthparagraphmeans.
researchers
addictedsmokers
peopleundermedicaltreatment
peopleundergoinganexperiment
9)
Whathavetheresearchersfoundoutintheirstudy?
Peopleinthenicotinegroupconsumedmoreenergy.
Peopleinthecontrolgroupbreathedoutmoreair.
Peoplewithoutnicotinenosesprayarebecomingmuchlessefficientinusingenergy.
Peopleinthearmchairexpendedmoreenergythanpeopledoingdeskwork.
10)
Whydothestudyresultsseemdiscouragingtosomesmokersaccordingtothepassage?
Becausetheywanttokeepfitwithouthavingtoquitsmoking.
Becausetheywanttoquitsmokingandstillkeepfit.
Becausetheywanttogainweighttotacklethehealthrisksofcontinuedsmoking.
Becausetheywanttowalkinganextramileadaytolosesomeweight.
6)
7)
8)
D
9)
10)
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends(声称),thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerable(无数的)directions.
Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovation(创新)havelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.
Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherth