大学六级模拟978Word格式.docx

大学六级模拟978Word格式.docx

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Directions:

shortessayonthetopicofLow-CarbonLifestyle.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.目前低碳生活成为一种流行

2.低碳生活指的是……

3.作为大学生的我应该怎么做

Low-CarbonLifestyle

PartnReadingComprehension（SkimmingandSeanning）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequieklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,ehoosethebestanswerfromthefourehoieesmarked

[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,eompletethesenteneeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TheEndoftheCashEra

InthespringAdamSmithwillreplaeeSirEdwardElgarasthefaeeonBritain'

s£

20note.Thefirsteconomicthinkertobesohonored

eouldwellbethelast.Notbeeauseeeonomistsareespeeiallyundeserving,butbecausecash,aftermillenniaasoneofmankind'

smostversatileandenduringtechnologies,lookssetoverthenext15yearsorsofinallytomeltawayintoanelectronicstreamofonesandzeros.Ifaneraisrepresentedbyitsmoney,theinformationageisathand.

Notesandcoinsarealreadyasmallfractionofthemoneyinmostrichcountries.Butgoingbythenumberoftransactionsratherthantheirvalue,westilllivefirmlyinacashsociety.TheEuropeanPaymentsCouncilestimatesthattheEuropeanUnion'

s360billioncashtransactionscostatleast~50billionayear;

othersputthebillat£

200ahead.Visa,ahugecredit-cardalliance,reckonscashaccountsformostofthe$1.3trillionspentayearacrosstheworldonsmall-ticketitems.Whetherqueuingtogetmoneyoutandqueuingagaintospendit,orbreakinga$100billwithanirate（发怒的）cab

driveroneminuteandhavingyourpocketsandpursesfatwithcoinsthenext,cashisplainlystillking.

Yetsignsoftheneworderareeverywhere.OnFebruary12th,19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittances（汇款）willbesentastextmessages.Forpeoplewithoutbankaccounts,thecreditcanbeconvertedintopre-paidcardswhichcanthenbeusedtobuythings."

Itwillrevolutionizethemoney-transferbusiness,"

saidSunilBhartiMittal,bossofBhartiAirtel,oneofIndia'

sbiggestmobileoperators.Theideaistotapintothemorethan$250billionayearthatimmigrantsandmigrantworkerssendtorelativesandfriendsbackhome.

Britain'

sVodafoneandAmerica'

sCitigrouparealsolaunchinganinternationalmoney-transferservicedevelopedfromtheM-PESAremittanceservicewhichisalreadyoperatingsuccessfullywithinKenya.SirJohnBond,formerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafone,haslongbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."

MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica,"

hesays.Healsothinksphonesloadedwithcreditwillmakemanyofthepaymentspeopleusecashforinricheconomies.Forbankswithhighinfrastructurecosts,saysSirJohn,ithasalways"

beenhardtomakemoneyoutofsmallpayments"

.Butlower-costbusinessmodels,someofthemfromdevelopingcountries,areopeningupnewopportunities.Thebigattractionofthemobilephoneasapurseisthatsomanypeoplehavethem-evenchildren.

BothMasterCardandVisahaverecentlyintroducedplasticcardsinAmericathatdonothavetobeswipedforpurchasesunder$25.Laterthisyeara"

dualinterface"

systemwillbetestedinLondon.ItwillinvolveasingleplasticcardwhichcombinesanOysterfortravel,astandardVisacardissuedbyBritain'

sBarclaysBankfor"

chipandPIN"

paymentsandanew"

waveandpay"

Visaforinstanttransactionsupto£

10.

Nobodycanbesurehowfastbitsandbyteswilldriveoutmetalandpaper.AhundredyearsagoyoucouldstillpayyourtaxesinUgandaincowrieshells.Perhapshardcashwillalwaysfindaniche,tuckedawayinchildren'

sbirthdaycardsandasmoneyfortheunbankedandphoneless.Butmostofthetimeaphoneorasmartcardthatcanbewavedoveranelectronicreaderwillbeatnotesandcoinshands-down.Thedoubt-andtheremainingobstacletodigitalmoney-concernsathirdpropertyofcash:

itsanonymity.

Gresham'

slawvsMoore'

slaw

Renderingcashaspureinformationisthefinaldenialofthenotionthatmoneyhasintrinsicvalue:

whatwasonceacarefullyweighedpieceofgold,silverorbronzehasbecomesimplyatoken.

Thatisahard-wontruth.AsJohnMaynardKeynesoncelamented,whenitappearsgovernmentsareabletodeceivetheircitizensbydepreciatingthecurrency.

Yetwhenmoneyisminted（铸造）fromsiliconsomethingremarkablehappens.Theeconomicsofhandlingcash-whichtodayinvolvesthickneckedmenincrash-helmets-issuddenlyembodiedbyMoore'

slaw,whichhasseenthecostofcomputer-processingpowerfallbyhalfevery18monthsorso.Electronicinformationisinstantaneous,weightlessandexact.Nolongerthemiserablefumblingthroughcoatpocketswhilealineofwaitingcustomersquietlyfumes.Shopkeeperscandoawaywithexpensivecashfloatsandelaboraterusestostopcashfraud-suchascharging$4.99sothatthe$5billmostpeoplehandoverhastopassthroughthetill（现金出纳机的抽屉）forone

centchangeratherthanbeingtrouseredbyashopassistant.

Information-moneycanbehandledbyanyinformation-processingdevice.Thatincludesthemobilephone,whichcanaddtomoney'

sutilityinthatitsscreencandisplayinformationclearlyanditcanlinktoyourbankasamobileATMatanytime.Visathinksacontactlessdigitaltransactiontakeslessthanhalfthetimeofacashoneandthatpeopleliberatedfromwhathappenstobeintheirwalletsspendafifthmore.

Whichiswhydigitalcashisnowsolvingitschicken-and-eggproblem.Inthepastshopkeeperswouldnotinstallsystemsunlessshoppershadelectroniccash.Andshopperswouldnotuseelectroniccashunlesstheyhadsomethingtobuy.Butsmartcardsandreadershavebecomecheapandconsumersnowpossessmobilephonesindroves.Thetrillionsofpaymentsthataretoosmalltobearthefeesofpayingbycreditcardhavecomewithinreachandalmosteveryonestandstogain.SomeJapanesemerchantshavealreadybeguntoofferdiscountstopeopleusingelectroniccash.Otherswillfollow.

Thebuckstopshere

Exceptthereisthatnaggingquestionofanonymity.Itiswellknownthatprivacyhasalotgoingforit.Thefirmsrunningpaymentsystemsmightsellinformationaboutwhatyoubuyandwhen.Prepareyourselfforabarrageofe-couponsandoffersdesignedtofityourprouploadedtoyourphone.Andtherearemoreseriousconcerns.Inthecashworld,anonymitycanbeacloakforwrongdoing.Thesuspicionclingsthatwhereyoufindanonymityyoufinddrugs,fraud,moneylaundering,terroristfinancingandahugeamountoftaxevasion.

Nowondergovernmentshavelongsoughttocontrolanonymousfinancialinstruments.Thestateiscertaintolimittheamountthatcanpassthroughananonymouscard,phone,orothermeansofbusiness.

Eagertocollecttaxesfrombuildersandnannies,itwillalsobetemptedtomonitorelectronic-cashpayments.

Whetheritdoessoisapoliticalquestion,notatechnologicalone.Youcandesignpaymentsystemsthatprotectagainstfraudandyetpreserveanonymity,justasyoucandesignopensystemsorthosethatkeepyouridentitysecretunlesstheauthoritiesdemandthatitberevealed.

Whenitcomestotradingconvenienceagainstprivacy,mostpeopleseemtobackconvenienceeverytime.Withcash,however,itmightbedifferent.Themorethestateintrudesintoelectroniccash,themoreitencouragesinefficientnotesandcoin.Fromthefirstslavewhoboughthisfreedom,moneyhasbeenwhatDostoyevskycalled"

coinedliberty"

.AsAdamSmithwouldnodoubthaveobserved,justbecausethestatecanpryintoelectroniccashdoesnotmeanitshould.

1.WhycouldAdamSmithbethelasteconomistasthefaceonabanknote?

[A]Noeconomicthinkercouldbemorehonorable.

[B]Cashisveryversatileandenduring.

[C]Wewillnotneedmoneyinthenearfuture.

[D]Electronicmoneywillreplacecashinthefuture.

2.Thesecondparagraphmainlyindicatesthat.

[A]notesandcoinsplayalessimportantrolethanbefore

[B]cashstilldominatestheeconomiclifeinthesociety

[C]wedon'

tneedasmuchmoneyinflowasgoodsvalue

[D]therearemanyinconveniencesincashtransactions

3.AccordingtoSunilBhartiMittal,whatwillrevolutionizethetraditionalmoney-transferbusiness?

[A]AllianceoftelephoneoperatorsandMasterCard.

[B]Thelargedemandofimmigrantsandmigrantworkers.

[C]Sendingmoneybytextmessages.

[D]Internationaltelephonenetworks.

4.WhatdoesthechairmanofVodafoneJohnBondthinkofbanks?

[A]Theycanhardlygetprofitoutofsmallpayments.

[B]Theymaydisappearinthenearfuturejustlikecash.

[C]TheyhavegreatlychangedvillagelifeinAfrica.

[D]Theyholdaprimaryroleinthemoney-transferbusiness.

5.Visawillintroduceanew"

cardinLondonforpurchases.

[A]under$25回under£

10[C]abroad[D]intraveling

6.AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whencangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?

[A]Whenvalueisinherentinmoney.

[B]Whenmetalcurrencybecomesatoken.

[C]Whencashcan'

tbeusedanonymously.

[D]WhenMoore'

slawbeginstowork.

7.AccordingtoVisa,transactionsbymobileATMscanencouragespendingby.

[A]18%[B]5%[C]4O%[D]2O%

8.MoreandmoreJapaneseshopkeepersencourageusingelectroniccashby.

9.Tolimitwrongdoing,governmentshavelongbeen